Abstract
Plants, in common with all organisms, have evolved mechanisms to cope with the problems caused by high temperatures. We examined specifically the involvement of calcium, abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, and salicylic acid (SA) in the protection against heat-induced oxidative damage in Arabidopsis. Heat caused increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels (an indicator of oxidative damage to membranes) and reduced survival. Both effects required light and were reduced in plants that had acquired thermotolerance through a mild heat pretreatment. Calcium channel blockers and calmodulin inhibitors increased these effects of heating and added calcium reversed them, implying that protection against heat-induced oxidative damage in Arabidopsis requires calcium and calmodulin. Similar to calcium, SA, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (a precursor to ethylene), and ABA added to plants protected them from heat-induced oxidative damage. In addition, the ethylene-insensitive mutant etr-1, the ABA-insensitive mutant abi-1, and a transgenic line expressing nahG (consequently inhibited in SA production) showed increased susceptibility to heat. These data suggest that protection against heat-induced oxidative damage in Arabidopsis also involves ethylene, ABA, and SA. Real time measurements of cytosolic calcium levels during heating in Arabidopsis detected no increases in response to heat per se, but showed transient elevations in response to recovery from heating. The magnitude of these calcium peaks was greater in thermotolerant plants, implying that these calcium signals might play a role in mediating the effects of acquired thermotolerance. Calcium channel blockers and calmodulin inhibitors added solely during the recovery phase suggest that this role for calcium is in protecting against oxidative damage specifically during/after recovery.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Heat increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsist0 - Treatment
- Heate1
- Outcome
- thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levelse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Protection against Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage in Arabidopsis”
e1“Heat caused increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat reduced survival of Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Heate1
- Outcome
- survivale2
- Direction
- reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Protection against Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage in Arabidopsis”
e1“Heat caused increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels”
e2“and reduced survival”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat-induced oxidative damage effects were reduced in plants with acquired thermotolerance from a mild heat pretreatment, and required light.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- mild heat pretreatmente3
- Outcome
- effectse3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Qualifier
- required lighte3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Protection against Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage in Arabidopsis”
e3“Both effects required light and were reduced in plants that had acquired thermotolerance through a mild heat pretreatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium channel blockers and calmodulin inhibitors increased the effects of heating.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Calcium channel blockers and calmodulin inhibitorse4
- Outcome
- effects of heatinge4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Protection against Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage in Arabidopsis”
e4“Calcium channel blockers and calmodulin inhibitors increased these effects of heating”
Claim · model-written summary
Added calcium reversed the effects of heating.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- added calciume5
- Outcome
- effects of heatinge4
- Direction
- reversede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Protection against Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage in Arabidopsis”
e4“Calcium channel blockers and calmodulin inhibitors increased these effects of heating”
e5“added calcium reversed them”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid added to plants protected them from heat-induced oxidative damage.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- SAe6
- Outcome
- heat-induced oxidative damagee6
- Direction
- protectede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Protection against Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage in Arabidopsis”
e6“Similar to calcium, SA, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (a precursor to ethylene), and ABA added to plants protected them from heat-induced oxidative damage”
Claim · model-written summary
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid added to plants protected them from heat-induced oxidative damage.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acide6
- Outcome
- heat-induced oxidative damagee6
- Direction
- protectede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Protection against Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage in Arabidopsis”
e6“Similar to calcium, SA, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (a precursor to ethylene), and ABA added to plants protected them from heat-induced oxidative damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Abscisic acid added to plants protected them from heat-induced oxidative damage.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- ABAe6
- Outcome
- heat-induced oxidative damagee6
- Direction
- protectede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Protection against Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage in Arabidopsis”
e6“Similar to calcium, SA, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (a precursor to ethylene), and ABA added to plants protected them from heat-induced oxidative damage”
Claim · model-written summary
The ethylene-insensitive mutant etr-1 showed increased susceptibility to heat.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- ethylene-insensitive mutant etr-1e7
- Outcome
- susceptibility to heate7
- Direction
- increasede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Protection against Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage in Arabidopsis”
e7“the ethylene-insensitive mutant etr-1, the ABA-insensitive mutant abi-1, and a transgenic line expressing nahG (consequently inhibited in SA production) showed increased susceptibility to heat”
Claim · model-written summary
The ABA-insensitive mutant abi-1 showed increased susceptibility to heat.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- ABA-insensitive mutant abi-1e7
- Outcome
- susceptibility to heate7
- Direction
- increasede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Protection against Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage in Arabidopsis”
e7“the ethylene-insensitive mutant etr-1, the ABA-insensitive mutant abi-1, and a transgenic line expressing nahG (consequently inhibited in SA production) showed increased susceptibility to heat”
Claim · model-written summary
A transgenic line expressing nahG showed increased susceptibility to heat.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- a transgenic line expressing nahGe7
- Outcome
- susceptibility to heate7
- Direction
- increasede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Protection against Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage in Arabidopsis”
e7“the ethylene-insensitive mutant etr-1, the ABA-insensitive mutant abi-1, and a transgenic line expressing nahG (consequently inhibited in SA production) showed increased susceptibility to heat”
Claim · model-written summary
Protection against heat-induced oxidative damage involves ethylene, ABA and SA.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- protection against heat-induced oxidative damagee1
- Qualifier
- involves ethylene, ABA, and SAe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Protection against Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage in Arabidopsis”
e1“These data suggest that protection against heat-induced oxidative damage in Arabidopsis also involves ethylene, ABA, and SA”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytosolic calcium levels showed no increase in response to heat per se.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- heat per see1
- Outcome
- cytosolic calcium levelse1
- Direction
- no increasese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Protection against Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage in Arabidopsis”
e1“Real time measurements of cytosolic calcium levels during heating in Arabidopsis detected no increases in response to heat per se”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytosolic calcium showed transient elevations in response to recovery from heating.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- recovery from heatinge2
- Outcome
- cytosolic calcium levelse1
- Direction
- transient elevationse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Protection against Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage in Arabidopsis”
e1“Real time measurements of cytosolic calcium levels during heating in Arabidopsis detected no increases in response to heat per se”
e2“but showed transient elevations in response to recovery from heating”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnitude of calcium peaks was greater in thermotolerant plants.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- thermotolerant plantse1
- Outcome
- magnitude of these calcium peakse1
- Direction
- greatere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Protection against Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage in Arabidopsis”
e1“The magnitude of these calcium peaks was greater in thermotolerant plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium signals might mediate the effects of acquired thermotolerance.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- effects of acquired thermotolerancee1
- Qualifier
- calcium signalse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Protection against Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage in Arabidopsis”
e1“these calcium signals might play a role in mediating the effects of acquired thermotolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium plays a role in protecting against oxidative damage specifically during and after recovery.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- protecting against oxidative damagee1
- Qualifier
- specifically during/after recoverye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Protection against Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage in Arabidopsis”
e1“Calcium channel blockers and calmodulin inhibitors added solely during the recovery phase suggest that this role for calcium is in protecting against oxidative damage specifically during/after recovery”
The same questions in other papers
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- negative
- negative
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- negative
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See all 10 papers →1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid · physiology: oxidative · ArabidopsisResults agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
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heat · survival · ArabidopsisPositive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
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See all 5 papers →heat · molecular: metabolites · ArabidopsisPositive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
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See all 11 papers →heat · nutrient: content · ArabidopsisResults agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- no effect
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.