Abstract
SUMMARY Water extracts of rind, essential oil and juice from oranges, also citrus pectin and citric acid promoted the formation of lesions when spores of Penicillium digitatum were placed in wounds 1·0 mm deep in flavedo of oranges; fructose, glucose and sucrose had little effect. Rind extracts were less effective in wounds 0·5 mm deep but orange juice and pectin still increased infection. None of the substances allowed the parasite to infect fruit through unwounded surfaces. Germination of spores in water increased as spore concentration decreased but was poor even at low concentrations. Almost all spores germinated in aqueous extracts of flavedo, albedo or whole rind, or in wounds on the surface of fruit. Fructose, glucose, sucrose and xylose were less effective but still caused over two‐thirds of spores to germinate but only in the presence of phosphate buffer. Without buffer, germination was little different from that in water. Arabinose and galactose stimulated germination to a lesser extent but with the same phosphate effect. Carboxymethylcellulose and pectin did not affect germination. A variety of substances containing nitrogen increased germination but to different degrees, decreasing in the order, casamino acids, yeast extract, ammonium salts, nitrate. Thiamin and to a lesser extent biotin were also effective. Volatile substances from rind infected with P. digitatum stimulated spore germination and growth of germ tubes. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to infection.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Orange rind extract, oil, juice, pectin, and citric acid promoted lesions in wounded oranges.
- Taxon
- orangese0
- Treatment
- Water extracts of rind, essential oil and juice from oranges, also citrus pectin and citric acide0
- Interactor
- Penicillium digitatum
Penicillium digitatume0pathogen - Outcome
- formation of lesionse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water extracts of rind, essential oil and juice from oranges, also citrus pectin and citric acid promoted the formation of lesions when spores of Penicillium digitatum were placed in wounds 1·0 mm deep in flavedo of oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
Fructose, glucose, and sucrose had little effect on lesion formation.
- Taxon
- orangese1
- Treatment
- fructose, glucose and sucrosee0
- Interactor
- Penicillium digitatumPenicillium digitatume1pathogen
- Outcome
- formation of lesionse1
- Direction
- little effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fructose, glucose and sucrose had little effect.”
e1“formation of lesions when spores of Penicillium digitatum were placed in wounds 1·0 mm deep in flavedo of oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
Rind extracts were less effective in shallower wounds.
- Taxon
- orangest0
- Treatment
- Rind extractse0
- Outcome
- less effectivee0
- Direction
- less effectivee0
- Qualifier
- wounds 0·5 mm deepe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Rind extracts were less effective in wounds 0·5 mm deep”
t0“oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
Orange juice and pectin still increased infection in shallower wounds.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“orange juice and pectin still increased infection.”
t0“oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
None of the substances enabled infection through unwounded fruit surfaces.
- Taxon
- orangest0
- Treatment
- substancese0
- Interactor
- parasitee0pathogen
- Outcome
- infect fruit through unwounded surfacese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“None of the substances allowed the parasite to infect fruit through unwounded surfaces.”
t0“oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
Spore germination in water rose as spore concentration decreased, though remained poor.
Verbatim
e0“Germination of spores in water increased as spore concentration decreased but was poor even at low concentrations.”
t0“oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
Almost all spores germinated in rind extracts or fruit wounds.
Verbatim
e0“Almost all spores germinated in aqueous extracts of flavedo, albedo or whole rind, or in wounds on the surface of fruit.”
t0“oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
Four sugars caused over two-thirds of spores to germinate only with phosphate buffer.
- Taxon
- orangest0
- Treatment
- Fructose, glucose, sucrose and xylosee0
- Outcome
- spores to germinatee0
- Direction
- causede0
- Value
- over two‐thirdse0
- Qualifier
- only in the presence of phosphate buffere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Fructose, glucose, sucrose and xylose were less effective but still caused over two‐thirds of spores to germinate but only in the presence of phosphate buffer.”
t0“oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
Without buffer, sugar-associated germination was little different from water.
Verbatim
e0“Without buffer, germination was little different from that in water.”
t0“oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
Arabinose and galactose stimulated germination less, with the same phosphate dependence.
- Taxon
- orangest0
- Treatment
- Arabinose and galactosee0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Qualifier
- same phosphate effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Arabinose and galactose stimulated germination to a lesser extent but with the same phosphate effect.”
t0“oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
Carboxymethylcellulose and pectin did not affect spore germination.
- Taxon
- orangest0
- Treatment
- Carboxymethylcellulose and pectine0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Carboxymethylcellulose and pectin did not affect germination.”
t0“oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen-containing substances increased germination in the stated order.
- Taxon
- orangest0
- Treatment
- substances containing nitrogene0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- decreasing in the order, casamino acids, yeast extract, ammonium salts, nitratee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“A variety of substances containing nitrogen increased germination but to different degrees, decreasing in the order, casamino acids, yeast extract, ammonium salts, nitrate.”
t0“oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiamin and, to a lesser extent, biotin promoted germination.
- Taxon
- orangest0
- Treatment
- Thiamin and to a lesser extent biotine0
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Direction
- effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Thiamin and to a lesser extent biotin were also effective.”
e1“increased germination”
t0“oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
Volatiles from infected rind stimulated spore germination and germ-tube growth.
- Taxon
- orangest0
- Treatment
- Volatile substances from rind infected with P. digitatume0
- Interactor
- P. digitatumPenicillium digitatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- spore germination and growth of germ tubese0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Volatile substances from rind infected with P. digitatum stimulated spore germination and growth of germ tubes.”
t0“oranges”
The same questions in other papers
carboxymethylcellulose · growth · Citrus sinensis (sweet orange)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
pectin · disease · Citrus sinensis (sweet orange)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
citric acid · Penicillium digitatum · Citrus sinensis (sweet orange)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
botanical · Penicillium digitatum · Citrus sinensis (sweet orange)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.