Abstract
ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) is one of the most growth restricting nutrients in cereal grain and represents one of the highest input costs in agricultural systems; therefore, environmental and economic considerations require the effective use of N fertilizer in plant production. This study was conducted for three years to better understand wheat plant response to optimize N fertilizer and how to reduce the risk of ground water pollution. Two of the most important durum wheat cultivars in Southern Italy and four N fertilization levels (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha− 1, indicated as N0, N60, N120, and N180, respectively) were compared in this experiment. During plant growth, fresh and dry matter, plant nutritional state (SPAD readings and stem nitrate content), and N uptake were determined. At harvest, plant N content, N uptake, grain yield, yield components and quality were determined, allowing the calculation of the pre- and postanthesis N uptake and the N utilization efficiency indices. Furthermore, at the beginning and at the end of each year, soil mineral N was measured to calculate mineral N deficit in the soil. The results indicated that the treatment with 120 kg N ha− 1 of fertilizer ensures a good balance between yield and N utilization. In fact, N180 and N120 showed similar yield (3.01 and 3.07 t ha− 1, respectively) and protein content (13.7 and 13.5 %). Meanwhile, throughout the three-year experiment, N180 presented the highest final mineral N content in the soil at the end of the cropping cycles, increasing the amount of N available for leaching. The N120 treatment showed the same values of N utilization indices as compared to N180, indicating that further doses of N fertilizer did not increase wheat N utilization. Plant N status shows that it is possible to modify the N fertilization to reach its optimum level during plant growth, in accordance with variable weather conditions, and consequently the plants requirements. The mean treatments of the preanthesis N uptake were about 67.5% of the total N uptake, and it was significantly and positively correlated with wheat yield. On the contrary, the postanthesis N uptake showed positive correlation with grain protein content, confirming the importance of late N supply in grains quality. The variation of weather conditions affected winter wheat yield, quality, N utilization and plant N status, but any difference throughout years was found between N180 and N120, confirming that higher N rate did not influence wheat growth, yield, and N uptake.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Application of 120 kg N ha− 1 of fertilizer gives a good balance between yield and N utilization
- Taxon
- durum wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durume0 - Treatment
- 120 kg N ha− 1 of fertilizere1
- Outcome
- a good balance between yield and N utilizatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“durum wheat cultivars in Southern Italy”
e1“The results indicated that the treatment with 120 kg N ha− 1 of fertilizer ensures a good balance between yield and N utilization”
Claim · model-written summary
N180 and N120 showed similar yield, 3.01 and 3.07 t ha− 1
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- N180e1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- similare1
- Value
- 3.01 and 3.07 t ha− 1e1
- Comparator
- N120e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“durum wheat cultivars in Southern Italy”
e1“In fact, N180 and N120 showed similar yield (3.01 and 3.07 t ha− 1, respectively) and protein content (13.7 and 13.5 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
N180 and N120 showed similar protein content, 13.7 and 13.5 %
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- N180e1
- Outcome
- protein contente1
- Direction
- similare1
- Value
- 13.7 and 13.5 %e1
- Comparator
- N120e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“durum wheat cultivars in Southern Italy”
e1“In fact, N180 and N120 showed similar yield (3.01 and 3.07 t ha− 1, respectively) and protein content (13.7 and 13.5 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
N180 gave the highest final mineral N content in the soil at the end of the cropping cycles
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- N180e1
- Outcome
- final mineral N content in the soile1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“durum wheat cultivars in Southern Italy”
e1“Meanwhile, throughout the three-year experiment, N180 presented the highest final mineral N content in the soil at the end of the cropping cycles”
Claim · model-written summary
N120 showed the same N utilization indices as N180
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- N120e1
- Outcome
- N utilization indicese1
- Direction
- the same valuese1
- Comparator
- N180e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“durum wheat cultivars in Southern Italy”
e1“The N120 treatment showed the same values of N utilization indices as compared to N180”
Claim · model-written summary
Further doses of N fertilizer did not increase wheat N utilization
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- further doses of N fertilizere1
- Outcome
- wheat N utilizatione1
- Direction
- did not increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“durum wheat cultivars in Southern Italy”
e1“indicating that further doses of N fertilizer did not increase wheat N utilization”
Claim · model-written summary
The preanthesis N uptake was about 67.5% of the total N uptake
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Outcome
- preanthesis N uptakee1
- Value
- about 67.5%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“durum wheat cultivars in Southern Italy”
e1“The mean treatments of the preanthesis N uptake were about 67.5% of the total N uptake, and it was significantly and positively correlated with wheat yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Preanthesis N uptake was significantly and positively correlated with wheat yield
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- preanthesis N uptakee1
- Outcome
- wheat yielde1
- Direction
- positivelye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“durum wheat cultivars in Southern Italy”
e1“The mean treatments of the preanthesis N uptake were about 67.5% of the total N uptake, and it was significantly and positively correlated with wheat yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Postanthesis N uptake showed positive correlation with grain protein content
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- postanthesis N uptakee1
- Outcome
- grain protein contente1
- Direction
- positive correlatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“durum wheat cultivars in Southern Italy”
e1“On the contrary, the postanthesis N uptake showed positive correlation with grain protein content”
Claim · model-written summary
Variation of weather conditions affected winter wheat yield and quality
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- variation of weather conditionse1
- Outcome
- winter wheat yield, qualitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“durum wheat cultivars in Southern Italy”
e1“The variation of weather conditions affected winter wheat yield, quality, N utilization and plant N status”
Claim · model-written summary
Variation of weather conditions affected N utilization and plant N status
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- variation of weather conditionse1
- Outcome
- N utilization and plant N statuse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“durum wheat cultivars in Southern Italy”
e1“The variation of weather conditions affected winter wheat yield, quality, N utilization and plant N status”
Claim · model-written summary
A higher N rate did not influence wheat growth, yield or N uptake compared with N120
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- higher N ratee1
- Outcome
- wheat growth, yield, and N uptakee1
- Direction
- did not influencee1
- Comparator
- N120e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“durum wheat cultivars in Southern Italy”
e1“any difference throughout years was found between N180 and N120, confirming that higher N rate did not influence wheat growth, yield, and N uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant N status indicates that the N fertilization can be modified to reach its optimum level during plant growth
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Outcome
- modify the N fertilization to reach its optimum level during plant growthe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“durum wheat cultivars in Southern Italy”
e1“Plant N status shows that it is possible to modify the N fertilization to reach its optimum level during plant growth”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · organism · Triticum turgidum (rivet wheat)Positive and negative results
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See all 56 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.