Abstract
1. Young rapidly growing bean and tomato plants were inclosed in bell jars and cellophane cases together with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and various salts and esters of this acid in a study of the relative volatility of these herbicides. Pure forms of the chemicals were used, and none of them was permitted to come in direct contact with the test plants. Any plant growth-regulating effects, such as epinasty, bud inhibition, or formative effects, that subsequently developed were accordingly the result of vaporization of the chemicals and movement of the vapors through rather static air onto the test plants. 2. On the basis of this rather sensitive biological test the acid, sodium salt, triethanolamine salt, and amide forms of 2,4-D were nonvolatile. All esters that were tested (the methyl, ethyl, butyl, isobutyl, amyl, isoamyl, isopropyl, allyl, phenyl, beta-chloroethyl, n-octyl, and octadecyl) volatilized and produced growth effects on the test plants. Certain esters, namely, the methyl, ethyl, butyl, and isopropyl, appeared to be more volatile than the others tested; but, when present in high concentrations and in close proximity to the plants, very little difference in relative volatility could be detected among the various esters. 3. When dissolved in certain oils, such as diesel, corn, or cottonseed, the volatilization of the esters was greatly reduced. Other oils, such as Varsol, kerosene, motor oil (S.A.E. 20 or 50), and castor oil, had very little effect, if any, in reducing volatilization. Young test plants that were inclosed for a period of 1 week with the octadecyl ester dissolved in diesel oil and then grown to flowering failed to show any growth effects, while comparable plants subjected to vapors of the ester alone developed severe formative effects on leaves and stems.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
The acid, sodium salt, triethanolamine salt and amide forms of 2,4-D were nonvolatile in the bioassay on bean and tomato plants.
Verbatim
e0“Young rapidly growing bean and tomato plants”
e1“the acid, sodium salt, triethanolamine salt, and amide forms of 2,4-D were nonvolatile”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested 2,4-D esters volatilized and produced growth effects on bean and tomato plants.
Verbatim
e0“Young rapidly growing bean and tomato plants”
e2“All esters that were tested (the methyl, ethyl, butyl, isobutyl, amyl, isoamyl, isopropyl, allyl, phenyl, beta-chloroethyl, n-octyl, and octadecyl) volatilized and produced growth effects on the test plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Certain 2,4-D esters (methyl, ethyl, butyl and isopropyl) appeared more volatile than the other esters tested.
Verbatim
e0“Young rapidly growing bean and tomato plants”
e3“Certain esters, namely, the methyl, ethyl, butyl, and isopropyl, appeared to be more volatile than the others tested”
Claim · model-written summary
At high concentrations close to the plants, little difference in relative volatility was detected among the 2,4-D esters.
Verbatim
e0“Young rapidly growing bean and tomato plants”
e4“but, when present in high concentrations and in close proximity to the plants, very little difference in relative volatility could be detected among the various esters”
Claim · model-written summary
Dissolving the 2,4-D esters in certain oils (diesel, corn or cottonseed) greatly reduced their volatilization.
- Taxon
- bean and tomato plantse0
- Treatment
- dissolved in certain oils, such as diesel, corn, or cottonseede5
- Outcome
- volatilization of the esterse5
- Direction
- reducede5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Young rapidly growing bean and tomato plants”
e5“When dissolved in certain oils, such as diesel, corn, or cottonseed, the volatilization of the esters was greatly reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
Other oils (Varsol, kerosene, motor oil and castor oil) had very little effect in reducing ester volatilization.
- Taxon
- bean and tomato plantse0
- Treatment
- Other oils, such as Varsol, kerosene, motor oil (S.A.E. 20 or 50), and castor oile6
- Outcome
- volatilizatione6
- Direction
- had very little effecte6
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Young rapidly growing bean and tomato plants”
e6“Other oils, such as Varsol, kerosene, motor oil (S.A.E. 20 or 50), and castor oil, had very little effect, if any, in reducing volatilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Octadecyl 2,4-D ester dissolved in diesel oil failed to produce growth effects on test plants, unlike its vapour alone.
Verbatim
e0“Young rapidly growing bean and tomato plants”
e7“Young test plants that were inclosed for a period of 1 week with the octadecyl ester dissolved in diesel oil and then grown to flowering failed to show any growth effects, while comparable plants subjected to vapors of the ester alone developed severe formative effects on leaves and stems”
Claim · model-written summary
Vapours of the octadecyl ester alone caused severe formative effects on leaves and stems of test plants.
Verbatim
e0“Young rapidly growing bean and tomato plants”
e7“Young test plants that were inclosed for a period of 1 week with the octadecyl ester dissolved in diesel oil and then grown to flowering failed to show any growth effects, while comparable plants subjected to vapors of the ester alone developed severe formative effects on leaves and stems”
The same questions in other papers
ester · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
ester · growth · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
Zea mays subsp. mays · molecular: metabolites · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.