Abstract
ABSTRACT The effect of gamma radiation on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus EA‐81 in maize with different initial moisture levels was determined over a 15‐day period. The viability of A. flavus on maize decreased over time with increasing moisture contents and storage at 8C. After 45 days at 28C, levels of viable conidiospores of A. flavus increased from 4.5 × 10 7 to about 3.0 × 10 8 per gram of maize. Levels of aflatoxin B 1 produced by A. flavus were 10 μg kg ‐1 in the maize stored at 8C after 45 days. Production of aflatoxin was highest at 40% moisture and 28C. Irradiation of 1.0 or 2.0 kGy greatly reduced the level of mold growth relative to unirradiated controls. A dose of 4.0 kGy eliminated all viable fungi. Aflatoxin B 1 production decreased with increased levels of irradiation and was negligible at 4.0 kGy. When maize was inoculated after irradiation and stored, the spore counts and aflatoxin levels were higher than in unirradiated and inoculated controls after 30 days. Apparently, the natural competitive microflora prevented growth and thus limited higher concentrations of aflatoxin in maize.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
A. flavus viability on maize declined over time with increasing moisture and storage at 8C.
- Treatment
- storage at 8Ce0
- Interactor
- A. flavus
Aspergillus flavuse0pathogent0 - Outcome
- viability of A. flavus on maizee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The viability of A. flavus on maize decreased over time with increasing moisture contents and storage at 8C”
t0“ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS EA‐81 IN MAIZE”
Claim · model-written summary
Viable A. flavus conidiospores increased after 45 days at 28C.
- Interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0pathogent0
- Outcome
- levels of viable conidiospores of A. flavuse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.0 × 10 8 per gram of maizee0
- Qualifier
- After 45 dayse0
- Setting
- 28Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 45 days at 28C, levels of viable conidiospores of A. flavus increased from 4.5 × 10 7 to about 3.0 × 10 8 per gram of maize”
t0“ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS EA‐81 IN MAIZE”
Claim · model-written summary
Aflatoxin B 1 reached 10 μg kg ‐1 in maize stored at 8C after 45 days.
- Interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0pathogent0
- Outcome
- Levels of aflatoxin B 1 produced by A. flavuse0
- Value
- 10 μg kg ‐1e0
- Qualifier
- after 45 dayse0
- Setting
- 8Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Levels of aflatoxin B 1 produced by A. flavus were 10 μg kg ‐1 in the maize stored at 8C after 45 days”
t0“ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS EA‐81 IN MAIZE”
Claim · model-written summary
Aflatoxin production was highest at 40% moisture and 28C.
- Interactor
- ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS EA‐81t0pathogen
- Outcome
- Production of aflatoxine0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- 40% moisturee0
- Setting
- 28Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Production of aflatoxin was highest at 40% moisture and 28C”
t0“ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS EA‐81 IN MAIZE”
Claim · model-written summary
Irradiation at 1.0 or 2.0 kGy greatly reduced mold growth against unirradiated controls.
- Treatment
- Irradiation of 1.0 or 2.0 kGye0
- Interactor
- ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS EA‐81t0pathogen
- Outcome
- level of mold growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- unirradiated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irradiation of 1.0 or 2.0 kGy greatly reduced the level of mold growth relative to unirradiated controls”
t0“ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS EA‐81 IN MAIZE”
Claim · model-written summary
Irradiation at 4.0 kGy eliminated viable fungi.
- Treatment
- A dose of 4.0 kGye0
- Interactor
- ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS EA‐81t0pathogen
- Outcome
- viable fungie0
- Direction
- eliminatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A dose of 4.0 kGy eliminated all viable fungi”
t0“ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS EA‐81 IN MAIZE”
Claim · model-written summary
Aflatoxin B 1 production declined with greater irradiation and was negligible at 4.0 kGy.
- Treatment
- increased levels of irradiatione0
- Interactor
- ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS EA‐81t0pathogen
- Outcome
- Aflatoxin B 1 productione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- negligible at 4.0 kGye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aflatoxin B 1 production decreased with increased levels of irradiation and was negligible at 4.0 kGy”
t0“ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS EA‐81 IN MAIZE”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation after irradiation led to higher spore counts after 30 days than unirradiated inoculated controls.
- Treatment
- inoculated after irradiation and storede0
- Interactor
- ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS EA‐81t0pathogen
- Outcome
- spore countse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- after 30 dayse0
- Comparator
- unirradiated and inoculated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When maize was inoculated after irradiation and stored, the spore counts and aflatoxin levels were higher than in unirradiated and inoculated controls after 30 days”
t0“ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS EA‐81 IN MAIZE”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation after irradiation led to higher aflatoxin levels after 30 days than unirradiated inoculated controls.
- Treatment
- inoculated after irradiation and storede0
- Interactor
- ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS EA‐81t0pathogen
- Outcome
- aflatoxin levelse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- after 30 dayse0
- Comparator
- unirradiated and inoculated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When maize was inoculated after irradiation and stored, the spore counts and aflatoxin levels were higher than in unirradiated and inoculated controls after 30 days”
t0“ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS EA‐81 IN MAIZE”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest natural competitive microflora inhibited fungal growth and limited aflatoxin accumulation.
- Interactor
- ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS EA‐81t0pathogen
- Outcome
- higher concentrations of aflatoxin in maizee0
- Qualifier
- natural competitive microflorae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apparently, the natural competitive microflora prevented growth and thus limited higher concentrations of aflatoxin in maize”
t0“ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS EA‐81 IN MAIZE”
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