Abstract
In the previous papers, it was reported that the effect of high temperature on fruit setting and yield differed by the growth stages of seedlings, and it was also suggested that this result was due to the difference in susceptibility of flower buds and flowers of different stages of development on the seedlings to high temperature.Experiments reported here were conducted to determine the effect of high temperature on the flower buds and flowers of different stages of development, the stages of buds being accurately defined by measuring their length. As high correlation was found between the length of flower buds and the duration of time to their anthesis, the stages of flower buds were expressed in terms of days to anthesis.Seedlings of two groups (in one group, the first flower of first cluster just opened; and in another group, all the flowers in first cluster opened) were exposed to 40°C for three hours daily, twice.Percentage of setting of flower buds treated 11 days before anthesis was 100%, 9-5 days before 10-20%, 3 days before 70%, and one day before 100%. Percentage of setting of flowers 1-3 days after anthesis was 20%, and 8 days after anthesis 100%. Thus it was revealed that flower buds of 9-5 days before anthesis and flowers of 1-3 days after anthesis were highly susceptible to high temperature.Hand pollination with normal pollen increased the setting percentage of flowers which had been treated 7-5 days before anthesis to 60%, but failed to increase the set of flower buds treated at other stages. This result shows that the high temperature treatment affected both pistill and stamen in the flower buds of 9 days before anthesis, while it affected mainly stamen in the buds of 7-5 days before anthesis.p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (CPA) spray improved setting of flowers treated with high temperature after anthesis, but did not increase the setting of flowers treated at their bud stages.Considerable number of small fruits appeared from the flowers treated with high temperature after anthesis. CPA spray on these flowers after high temperature treatment did not alter this tendency.Percentage of puffy fruits, though degree of puffiness was very slight, was increased by the high temperature treatment. CPA spray increased green gelatinous fruits, and the high temperature had a synergistic effect on the incidence of these fruits.Highly positive correlation was found between the number of seeds per fruit and fruit weight. Fruit weight per seed was 0.36g in the control, 0.34g in the plot treated with CPA, and 0.49g in the plot treated with high temperature.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Bud length correlated highly with time to anthesis.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Organ / stage
- flower budse0
- Outcome
- duration of time to their anthesise0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“high correlation was found between the length of flower buds and the duration of time to their anthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat treated buds eleven days before anthesis had 100% setting.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- treated 11 days before anthesise0
- Outcome
- Percentage of setting of flower budse0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Percentage of setting of flower buds treated 11 days before anthesis was 100%, 9-5 days before 10-20%, 3 days before 70%, and one day before 100%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat treated buds five to nine days before anthesis had 10 to 20% setting.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 9-5 days beforee0
- Outcome
- Percentage of setting of flower budse0
- Value
- 10-20%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Percentage of setting of flower buds treated 11 days before anthesis was 100%, 9-5 days before 10-20%, 3 days before 70%, and one day before 100%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat treated buds three days before anthesis had 70% setting.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 3 days beforee0
- Outcome
- Percentage of setting of flower budse0
- Value
- 70%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Percentage of setting of flower buds treated 11 days before anthesis was 100%, 9-5 days before 10-20%, 3 days before 70%, and one day before 100%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat treated buds one day before anthesis had 100% setting.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- one day beforee0
- Outcome
- Percentage of setting of flower budse0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Percentage of setting of flower buds treated 11 days before anthesis was 100%, 9-5 days before 10-20%, 3 days before 70%, and one day before 100%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat treated flowers one to three days after anthesis had 20% setting.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 1-3 days after anthesise0
- Outcome
- Percentage of setting of flowerse0
- Value
- 20%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Percentage of setting of flowers 1-3 days after anthesis was 20%, and 8 days after anthesis 100%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat treated flowers eight days after anthesis had 100% setting.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 8 days after anthesise0
- Outcome
- Percentage of setting of flowerse0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Percentage of setting of flowers 1-3 days after anthesis was 20%, and 8 days after anthesis 100%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Normal pollen hand pollination increased setting to 60% in flowers heat treated five to seven days before anthesis.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Hand pollination with normal pollene0
- Outcome
- setting percentage of flowerse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 60%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Hand pollination with normal pollen increased the setting percentage of flowers which had been treated 7-5 days before anthesis to 60%”
Claim · model-written summary
Hand pollination did not increase set at other heat treatment stages.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Hand pollinatione0
- Outcome
- set of flower budse0
- Direction
- failed to increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Hand pollination with normal pollen increased the setting percentage of flowers which had been treated 7-5 days before anthesis to 60%, but failed to increase the set of flower buds treated at other stages.”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat treatment affected pistil and stamen in buds nine days before anthesis.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- high temperature treatmente0
- Outcome
- pistill and stamene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“the high temperature treatment affected both pistill and stamen in the flower buds of 9 days before anthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat treatment mainly affected stamen in buds five to seven days before anthesis.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- it affected mainly stamene0
- Outcome
- stamene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“it affected mainly stamen in the buds of 7-5 days before anthesis.”
Claim · model-written summary
CPA spray improved setting after post anthesis heat treatment.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (CPA) spraye0
- Outcome
- setting of flowerse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (CPA) spray improved setting of flowers treated with high temperature after anthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
CPA spray did not increase setting after heat treatment at bud stages.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (CPA) spraye0
- Outcome
- setting of flowerse0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (CPA) spray improved setting of flowers treated with high temperature after anthesis, but did not increase the setting of flowers treated at their bud stages.”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat after anthesis produced many small fruits.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- high temperature after anthesise0
- Outcome
- small fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Considerable number of small fruits appeared from the flowers treated with high temperature after anthesis.”
Claim · model-written summary
CPA spray did not alter the occurrence of small fruits after heat.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CPA spraye0
- Outcome
- this tendencye0
- Direction
- did not altere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“CPA spray on these flowers after high temperature treatment did not alter this tendency.”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat increased puffy fruit percentage.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- high temperature treatmente0
- Outcome
- Percentage of puffy fruitse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Percentage of puffy fruits, though degree of puffiness was very slight, was increased by the high temperature treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
CPA spray increased green gelatinous fruits.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CPA spraye0
- Outcome
- green gelatinous fruitse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“CPA spray increased green gelatinous fruits, and the high temperature had a synergistic effect on the incidence of these fruits.”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat synergistically increased green gelatinous fruit incidence with CPA.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- high temperaturee0
- Outcome
- incidence of these fruitse0
- Direction
- synergistic effecte0
- Comparator
- CPA spraye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“CPA spray increased green gelatinous fruits, and the high temperature had a synergistic effect on the incidence of these fruits.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed number and fruit weight were strongly positively correlated.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- seeds per fruite0
- Outcome
- fruit weighte0
- Direction
- positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Highly positive correlation was found between the number of seeds per fruit and fruit weight.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit weight per seed was 0.36g in control, 0.34g with CPA, and 0.49g under heat.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- Fruit weight per seede0
- Value
- 0.36ge0
- Qualifier
- 0.34g in the plot treated with CPA, and 0.49g in the plot treated with high temperaturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“Fruit weight per seed was 0.36g in the control, 0.34g in the plot treated with CPA, and 0.49g in the plot treated with high temperature.”
The same questions in other papers
application · phenology · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
24 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- positive
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See all 27 papers →heat · disease · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
10 papers in the same direction as this paper · 21 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
28 papers more in this group
See all 32 papers →pollination · phenology · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.