Abstract
Abstract Structure‐concentration–foliar uptake enhancement relationships between commercial polyoxyethylene primary aliphatic alcohol (A), nonylphenol (NP), primary aliphatic amine (AM) surfactants and the herbicide glyphosatemono(isopropylammonium) were studied in experiments with wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and field bean ( Vicia faba L.) plants growing under controlled‐environment conditions. Candidate surfactants had mean molar ethylene oxide (EO) contents ranging from 5 to 20 and were added at concentrations varying from 0·2 to 10 g litre −‐1 to [ 14 C]glyphosate formulations in acetone–water. Rates and total amounts of herbicide uptake from c . 0·2–μl droplet applications of formulations to leaves were influenced by surfactant EO content, surfactant hydrophobe composition, surfactant concentration, glyphosate concentration and plant species, in a complex manner. Surfactant effects were most pronounced at 0·5 g acid equivalent (a.e.) glyphosate litre −‐1 where, for both target species, surfactants of high EO content (15–20) were most effective at enhancing herbicide uptake: surfactants of lower EO content (5–10) frequently reduced, or failed to improve, glyphosate absorption. Whereas, at optimal EO content, AM surfactants caused greatest uptake enhancement on wheat, A surfactants gave the best overall performance on field bean; NP surfactants were generally the least efficient class of adjuvants on both species. Threshold concentrations of surfactants needed to increase glyphosate uptake were much higher in field bean than wheat ( c. 2 g litre −‐1 and < 1 g litre −‐1 , respectively); less herbicide was taken up by both species at high AM surfactant concentrations. At 5 and 10 g a.e. glyphosate litre −‐1 , there were substantial increases in herbicide absorption and surfactant addition could cause effects on uptake that were different from those observed at lower herbicide doses. In particular, the influence of EO content on glyphosate uptake was now much less marked in both species, especially with AM surfactants. The fundamental importance of glyphosate concentration for its uptake was further emphasised by experiments using formulations with constant a.i./surfactant weight ratios. Any increased foliar penetration resulting from inclusion of surfactants in 0·5 g litre −‐1 [ 14 C]glyphosate formulations gave concomitant increases in the amounts of radiolabel that were translocated away from the site of application. At these low herbicide doses, translocation of absorbed [ 14 C]glyphosate in wheat was c. twice that in field bean; surfactant addition to the formulation did not increase the proportion transported in wheat but substantially enhanced it in field bean.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar herbicide uptake depended on surfactant and formulation properties and plant species.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- surfactant EO contente0
- Outcome
- Rates and total amounts of herbicide uptakee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rates and total amounts of herbicide uptake from c . 0·2–μl droplet applications of formulations to leaves were influenced by surfactant EO content, surfactant hydrophobe composition, surfactant concentration, glyphosate concentration and plant species, in a complex manner.”
e1“Abstract Structure‐concentration–foliar uptake enhancement relationships between commercial polyoxyethylene primary aliphatic alcohol (A), nonylphenol (NP), primary aliphatic amine (AM) surfactants and the herbicide glyphosatemono(isopropylammonium) were studied in experiments with wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and field bean ( Vicia faba L.) plants growing under controlled‐environment conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
High EO surfactants enhanced uptake at low glyphosate concentration in both species.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- surfactants of high EO content (15–20)e0
- Outcome
- herbicide uptakee0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Qualifier
- both target speciese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for both target species, surfactants of high EO content (15–20) were most effective at enhancing herbicide uptake”
e1“Abstract Structure‐concentration–foliar uptake enhancement relationships between commercial polyoxyethylene primary aliphatic alcohol (A), nonylphenol (NP), primary aliphatic amine (AM) surfactants and the herbicide glyphosatemono(isopropylammonium) were studied in experiments with wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and field bean ( Vicia faba L.) plants growing under controlled‐environment conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
High EO surfactants enhanced uptake at low glyphosate concentration in field bean.
- Taxon
- field beane1
- Treatment
- surfactants of high EO content (15–20)e0
- Outcome
- herbicide uptakee0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“for both target species, surfactants of high EO content (15–20) were most effective at enhancing herbicide uptake”
e1“Abstract Structure‐concentration–foliar uptake enhancement relationships between commercial polyoxyethylene primary aliphatic alcohol (A), nonylphenol (NP), primary aliphatic amine (AM) surfactants and the herbicide glyphosatemono(isopropylammonium) were studied in experiments with wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and field bean ( Vicia faba L.) plants growing under controlled‐environment conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Low EO surfactants frequently reduced or failed to improve glyphosate absorption.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- surfactants of lower EO content (5–10)e0
- Outcome
- glyphosate absorptione0
- Direction
- reduced, or failed to improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“surfactants of lower EO content (5–10) frequently reduced, or failed to improve, glyphosate absorption”
e1“Abstract Structure‐concentration–foliar uptake enhancement relationships between commercial polyoxyethylene primary aliphatic alcohol (A), nonylphenol (NP), primary aliphatic amine (AM) surfactants and the herbicide glyphosatemono(isopropylammonium) were studied in experiments with wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and field bean ( Vicia faba L.) plants growing under controlled‐environment conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
AM surfactants produced the greatest uptake enhancement in wheat at optimal EO content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- AM surfactantse0
- Outcome
- uptake enhancemente0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at optimal EO content, AM surfactants caused greatest uptake enhancement on wheat”
e1“Abstract Structure‐concentration–foliar uptake enhancement relationships between commercial polyoxyethylene primary aliphatic alcohol (A), nonylphenol (NP), primary aliphatic amine (AM) surfactants and the herbicide glyphosatemono(isopropylammonium) were studied in experiments with wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and field bean ( Vicia faba L.) plants growing under controlled‐environment conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
A surfactants performed best for field bean uptake at optimal EO content.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“A surfactants gave the best overall performance on field bean”
e1“Abstract Structure‐concentration–foliar uptake enhancement relationships between commercial polyoxyethylene primary aliphatic alcohol (A), nonylphenol (NP), primary aliphatic amine (AM) surfactants and the herbicide glyphosatemono(isopropylammonium) were studied in experiments with wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and field bean ( Vicia faba L.) plants growing under controlled‐environment conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
NP surfactants were generally least efficient in both species.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- NP surfactantse0
- Outcome
- least efficient class of adjuvantse0
- Direction
- least efficiente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NP surfactants were generally the least efficient class of adjuvants on both species”
e1“Abstract Structure‐concentration–foliar uptake enhancement relationships between commercial polyoxyethylene primary aliphatic alcohol (A), nonylphenol (NP), primary aliphatic amine (AM) surfactants and the herbicide glyphosatemono(isopropylammonium) were studied in experiments with wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and field bean ( Vicia faba L.) plants growing under controlled‐environment conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Field bean required a higher surfactant threshold than wheat to increase glyphosate uptake.
Verbatim
e0“Threshold concentrations of surfactants needed to increase glyphosate uptake were much higher in field bean than wheat ( c. 2 g litre −‐1 and < 1 g litre −‐1 , respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
High AM surfactant concentrations reduced herbicide uptake in both species.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- high AM surfactant concentrationse0
- Outcome
- herbicide was taken upe0
- Direction
- lesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“less herbicide was taken up by both species at high AM surfactant concentrations”
e1“Abstract Structure‐concentration–foliar uptake enhancement relationships between commercial polyoxyethylene primary aliphatic alcohol (A), nonylphenol (NP), primary aliphatic amine (AM) surfactants and the herbicide glyphosatemono(isopropylammonium) were studied in experiments with wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and field bean ( Vicia faba L.) plants growing under controlled‐environment conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher glyphosate doses substantially increased absorption.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 5 and 10 g a.e. glyphosate litre −‐1e0
- Outcome
- herbicide absorptione0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 5 and 10 g a.e. glyphosate litre −‐1 , there were substantial increases in herbicide absorption”
e1“Abstract Structure‐concentration–foliar uptake enhancement relationships between commercial polyoxyethylene primary aliphatic alcohol (A), nonylphenol (NP), primary aliphatic amine (AM) surfactants and the herbicide glyphosatemono(isopropylammonium) were studied in experiments with wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and field bean ( Vicia faba L.) plants growing under controlled‐environment conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
At higher herbicide doses, EO content had much less influence on uptake in both species.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- EO contente0
- Outcome
- glyphosate uptakee0
- Direction
- much less markede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the influence of EO content on glyphosate uptake was now much less marked in both species, especially with AM surfactants”
e1“Abstract Structure‐concentration–foliar uptake enhancement relationships between commercial polyoxyethylene primary aliphatic alcohol (A), nonylphenol (NP), primary aliphatic amine (AM) surfactants and the herbicide glyphosatemono(isopropylammonium) were studied in experiments with wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and field bean ( Vicia faba L.) plants growing under controlled‐environment conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Surfactants that increased foliar penetration increased translocated radiolabel.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- inclusion of surfactantse0
- Outcome
- amounts of radiolabel that were translocated away from the site of applicatione0
- Direction
- increasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Any increased foliar penetration resulting from inclusion of surfactants in 0·5 g litre −‐1 [ 14 C]glyphosate formulations gave concomitant increases in the amounts of radiolabel that were translocated away from the site of application.”
e1“Abstract Structure‐concentration–foliar uptake enhancement relationships between commercial polyoxyethylene primary aliphatic alcohol (A), nonylphenol (NP), primary aliphatic amine (AM) surfactants and the herbicide glyphosatemono(isopropylammonium) were studied in experiments with wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and field bean ( Vicia faba L.) plants growing under controlled‐environment conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Translocation of absorbed glyphosate in wheat was about twice that in field bean.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- translocation of absorbed [ 14 C]glyphosatee0
- Direction
- twicee0
- Value
- c. twicee0
- Comparator
- field beane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“translocation of absorbed [ 14 C]glyphosate in wheat was c. twice that in field bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Surfactant addition did not increase the transported proportion in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- surfactant additione0
- Outcome
- proportion transportede0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“surfactant addition to the formulation did not increase the proportion transported in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Surfactant addition substantially enhanced the transported proportion in field bean.
- Taxon
- field beane0
- Treatment
- surfactant additione0
- Outcome
- proportion transportede0
- Direction
- substantially enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“surfactant addition to the formulation did not increase the proportion transported in wheat but substantially enhanced it in field bean”
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amine · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
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surfactant · nutrient: content · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.