Abstract
Drying of Sultana grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) in Australia is enhanced by the berries being dipped in or sprayed with an alkaline oil-in-water drying emulsion consisting of K2CO3 and a mixture of ethyl esters of fatty acids. The relative importance of the nature of the cation and anion of the alkali salts of the drying emulsion and the relative effectiveness of the different fatty acid esters on the drying rate was investigated. When salt solutions used as dip were applied with commercial drying oil, water loss increased with decreasing hydrated ionic radius of the alkali cation and followed the lyotropic series Cs+ > Rb+ > K+ > Na+= Li+, with Ca2+= Li+. Carbonate was the most effective anion, while S2O52--, HP2O5--, OH-, I-and Cl- gave responses which were similar to or less than the water control, depending on the presence or absence of drying oil. The interaction between cation and commercial drying oil seemed to be additive or synergistic. Without commercial drying oil, the CO32– salts of Cs+, Rb+, K+ and Na+ all produced higher drying rates than those of Li+ and Ca2+, with the Cs+ and Rb+ salts having the greatest effect. When emulsified with 2% ethyl oleate instead of commercial drying oil, all salts with CO32– as anion produced faster drying, and their ranking was the same with both emulsifiers. However, when the Cl“salts were used with 2% ethyl oleate, all cations produced similar and fast drying. The saturated fatty acid esters, caprylic acid ethyl ester and stearic acid ethyl ester, had little effect on drying rates whereas the unsaturated fatty acid esters, ethyl oleate, butyl oleate and ethyl linoleate, increased water loss two-fold compared with H2O treatment. The results are discussed with particular emphasis on the role of the molecular structure of the cuticle in regulating water loss from grape berries.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Water loss from grape berries increased with decreasing hydrated ionic radius of the alkali cation when salt solutions were applied with commercial drying oil.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera
Vitis viniferae0 - Treatment
- salt solutions used as dip were applied with commercial drying oile1
- Compound
- alkali catione1
- Outcome
- water losse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sultana grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)”
e1“When salt solutions used as dip were applied with commercial drying oil, water loss increased with decreasing hydrated ionic radius of the alkali cation and followed the lyotropic series Cs+ > Rb+ > K+ > Na+= Li+, with Ca2+= Li+”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbonate was the most effective anion for water loss from grape berries; other anions were similar to or less effective than the water control.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- salt solutions used as dipe1
- Compound
- Carbonatee2
- Outcome
- water losse1
- Direction
- most effectivee2
- Comparator
- S2O52--, HP2O5--, OH-, I-and Cl-e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sultana grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)”
e1“When salt solutions used as dip were applied with commercial drying oil, water loss increased with decreasing hydrated ionic radius of the alkali cation and followed the lyotropic series Cs+ > Rb+ > K+ > Na+= Li+, with Ca2+= Li+”
e2“Carbonate was the most effective anion, while S2O52--, HP2O5--, OH-, I-and Cl- gave responses which were similar to or less than the water control”
Claim · model-written summary
The interaction between cation and commercial drying oil seemed to be additive or synergistic for water loss from grape berries.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- commercial drying oile3
- Outcome
- interaction between cation and commercial drying oile3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sultana grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)”
e3“The interaction between cation and commercial drying oil seemed to be additive or synergistic”
Claim · model-written summary
Without commercial drying oil, CO32– salts of Cs+, Rb+, K+ and Na+ produced higher drying rates than the salts of Li+ and Ca2+.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- CO32– salts of Cs+, Rb+, K+ and Na+e4
- Outcome
- drying ratese4
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- those of Li+ and Ca2+e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sultana grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)”
e4“Without commercial drying oil, the CO32– salts of Cs+, Rb+, K+ and Na+ all produced higher drying rates than those of Li+ and Ca2+, with the Cs+ and Rb+ salts having the greatest effect”
Claim · model-written summary
Without commercial drying oil, Cs+ and Rb+ salts had the greatest effect among the CO32– salts.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- Cs+ and Rb+ saltse4
- Outcome
- effecte4
- Direction
- greateste4
- Comparator
- K+ and Na+e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sultana grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)”
e4“Without commercial drying oil, the CO32– salts of Cs+, Rb+, K+ and Na+ all produced higher drying rates than those of Li+ and Ca2+, with the Cs+ and Rb+ salts having the greatest effect”
Claim · model-written summary
With 2% ethyl oleate instead of commercial drying oil, all CO32– salts gave faster drying, and their ranking was the same with both emulsifiers.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- emulsified with 2% ethyl oleatee5
- Outcome
- dryinge5
- Direction
- fastere5
- Qualifier
- their ranking was the same with both emulsifierse5
- Comparator
- commercial drying oile5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sultana grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)”
e5“When emulsified with 2% ethyl oleate instead of commercial drying oil, all salts with CO32– as anion produced faster drying, and their ranking was the same with both emulsifiers”
Claim · model-written summary
With 2% ethyl oleate, all cations of the Cl– salts gave similar and fast drying.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- the Cl“salts were used with 2% ethyl oleatee6
- Outcome
- dryinge6
- Direction
- similar and faste6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sultana grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)”
e6“However, when the Cl“salts were used with 2% ethyl oleate, all cations produced similar and fast drying”
Claim · model-written summary
Saturated fatty acid esters, caprylic acid ethyl ester and stearic acid ethyl ester, had little effect on drying rates of grape berries.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- caprylic acid ethyl ester and stearic acid ethyl estere7
- Outcome
- drying ratese7
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sultana grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)”
e7“The saturated fatty acid esters, caprylic acid ethyl ester and stearic acid ethyl ester, had little effect on drying rates whereas the unsaturated fatty acid esters, ethyl oleate, butyl oleate and ethyl linoleate, increased water loss two-fold compared with H2O treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Unsaturated fatty acid esters, ethyl oleate, butyl oleate and ethyl linoleate, increased water loss two-fold compared with the H2O treatment.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- unsaturated fatty acid esters, ethyl oleate, butyl oleate and ethyl linoleatee7
- Outcome
- water losse7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- two-folde7
- Comparator
- H2O treatmente7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sultana grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)”
e7“The saturated fatty acid esters, caprylic acid ethyl ester and stearic acid ethyl ester, had little effect on drying rates whereas the unsaturated fatty acid esters, ethyl oleate, butyl oleate and ethyl linoleate, increased water loss two-fold compared with H2O treatment”
The same questions in other papers
salinity · physiology: water · Vitis vinifera (wine grape)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.