Abstract
Abstract A pot experiment in a greenhouse was conducted in order to investigate the effect of different N 2 ‐fixing, phytohormone‐producing, and P‐solubilizing bacterial species on wheat and spinach growth and enzyme activities. Growth parameters and the activities of four enzymes, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD; EC 1.1.1.49), 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD; EC 1.1.1.44), glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.8.1.7), and glutathione S‐transferase (GST; EC 2.5.1.18) were determined in the leaves of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L., Konya) and spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.), noninoculated and inoculated with nine plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR: Bacillus cereus RC18, Bacillus licheniformis RC08, Bacillus megaterium RC07, Bacillus subtilis RC11, Bacillus OSU‐142, Bacillus M‐13, Pseudomonas putida RC06, Paenibacillus polymyxa RC05 and RC14). Among the strains used in the present study, six PGPR exhibited nitrogenase activity and four were efficient in phosphate solubilization; all bacterial strains were efficient in indole acetic acid (IAA) production and significantly increased growth of wheat and spinach. Inoculation with PGPR increased wheat shoot fresh weight by 16.2%–53.8% and spinach shoot fresh weight by 2.2%–53.4% over control. PGPR inoculation gave leaf area increases by 6.0%–47.0% in wheat and 5.3%–49.3% in spinach. Inoculation increased plant height by 2.2%–24.6% and 1.9%–36.8% in wheat and spinach, respectively. A close relationship between plant growth and enzyme activities such as G6PD, 6PGD, GR, and GST was demonstrated. Plant‐growth response was variable and dependent on the inoculant strain, enzyme activity, plant species, and growth parameter evaluated. In particular, the N 2 ‐fixing bacterial strains RC05, RC06, RC14, and OSU‐142 and the P‐solubilizing strains RC07 and RC08 have great potential in being formulated and used as biofertilizers.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Six PGPR strains exhibited nitrogenase activity.
- Taxon
- wheat and spinach plants
Spinacia oleracea
Triticum aestivumt0 - Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- nitrogenase activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six PGPR exhibited nitrogenase activity”
t0“wheat and spinach plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Four PGPR strains efficiently solubilized phosphate.
- Taxon
- wheat and spinach plantsSpinacia oleraceaTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- PGPRe1symbiont
- Outcome
- phosphate solubilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“four were efficient in phosphate solubilization”
e1“six PGPR exhibited nitrogenase activity”
t0“wheat and spinach plants”
Claim · model-written summary
All bacterial strains produced indole acetic acid.
- Taxon
- wheat and spinach plantsSpinacia oleraceaTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- bacterial strainse0symbiont
- Outcome
- indole acetic acid (IAA) productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all bacterial strains were efficient in indole acetic acid (IAA) production”
t0“wheat and spinach plants”
Claim · model-written summary
All bacterial strains significantly increased wheat and spinach growth.
- Taxon
- wheat and spinachSpinacia oleraceaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- bacterial strainse0
- Interactor
- bacterial strainse0symbiont
- Outcome
- growth of wheat and spinache0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all bacterial strains were efficient in indole acetic acid (IAA) production and significantly increased growth of wheat and spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR increased wheat shoot fresh weight by 16.2%–53.8% over control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with PGPRe0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- wheat shoot fresh weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.2%–53.8%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with PGPR increased wheat shoot fresh weight by 16.2%–53.8% and spinach shoot fresh weight by 2.2%–53.4% over control”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR increased spinach shoot fresh weight by 2.2%–53.4% over control.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with PGPRe0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- spinach shoot fresh weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.2%–53.4%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with PGPR increased wheat shoot fresh weight by 16.2%–53.8% and spinach shoot fresh weight by 2.2%–53.4% over control”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR increased wheat leaf area by 6.0%–47.0%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- PGPR inoculatione0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 6.0%–47.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGPR inoculation gave leaf area increases by 6.0%–47.0% in wheat and 5.3%–49.3% in spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR increased spinach leaf area by 5.3%–49.3%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- PGPR inoculatione0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 5.3%–49.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGPR inoculation gave leaf area increases by 6.0%–47.0% in wheat and 5.3%–49.3% in spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased wheat height by 2.2%–24.6%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- PGPR inoculatione1
- Interactor
- PGPRe1symbiont
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.2%–24.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation increased plant height by 2.2%–24.6% and 1.9%–36.8% in wheat and spinach, respectively”
e1“PGPR inoculation gave leaf area increases”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased spinach height by 1.9%–36.8%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- PGPR inoculatione1
- Interactor
- PGPRe1symbiont
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.9%–36.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation increased plant height by 2.2%–24.6% and 1.9%–36.8% in wheat and spinach, respectively”
e1“PGPR inoculation gave leaf area increases”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant growth was closely related to G6PD, 6PGD, GR and GST activity.
- Taxon
- wheat and spinach plantsSpinacia oleraceaTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- G6PD, 6PGD, GR, and GSTe0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A close relationship between plant growth and enzyme activities such as G6PD, 6PGD, GR, and GST was demonstrated”
t0“wheat and spinach plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant growth response varied with inoculant strain, enzyme activity, plant species and growth parameter.
- Taxon
- wheat and spinach plantsSpinacia oleraceaTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- inoculant straine0
- Outcome
- Plant‐growth responsee0
- Qualifier
- growth parameter evaluatede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant‐growth response was variable and dependent on the inoculant strain, enzyme activity, plant species, and growth parameter evaluated”
t0“wheat and spinach plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identified the N2-fixing and P-solubilizing strains as candidates for biofertilizers.
- Taxon
- wheat and spinach plantsSpinacia oleraceaTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- formulated and used as biofertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the N 2 ‐fixing bacterial strains RC05, RC06, RC14, and OSU‐142 and the P‐solubilizing strains RC07 and RC08 have great potential in being formulated and used as biofertilizers”
t0“wheat and spinach plants”
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