Abstract
Consumption of certain phenolics in the diet is considered beneficial to human health. In this study, individual phenolics were measured by diode-array HPLC at monthly intervals in the peel of Granny Smith, Lady Williams, and Crofton apple cultivars stored in air at 0 degrees C for 9 months. The concentrations of total phenolics significantly differed among the cultivars examined, with Lady Williams peel having significantly more phenolics (over 4000 microg x g(-1) peel fresh weight) than Crofton (2668 microg x g(-1) peel fresh weight) and Granny Smith, which had the lowest concentration of total phenolics (1275 microg x g(-1) peel fresh weight). There were also significant differences in individual phenolics among cultivars and during storage. Quercetin glycosides were the only flavonols identified, with quercetin rhamnoglucoside being the most abundant phenolic in the peel. Chlorogenic acid was the major cinnamic acid derivative, with high concentrations, up to 412 microg x g(-1)) peel fresh weight, in Crofton peel. A pre-storage diphenylamine (DPA) treatment had few significant effects on peel phenolic metabolism. Where differences did occur, fruit treated with DPA retained higher concentrations of total peel phenolics during storage than fruit not treated with DPA. Storage of all cultivars for up to 9 months in air at 0 degrees C induced few significant changes in the peel phenolic concentrations. This indicates that phenolic metabolism in apple peel is relatively stable, and the health benefits of phenolics in apple peel should be maintained during long-term storage.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Lady Williams apple peel had significantly more total phenolics than Crofton peel.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae1 - Material
- Lady Williamse0
- Organ / stage
- peele0
- Outcome
- total phenolicse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- over 4000 microg x g(-1) peel fresh weighte0
- Comparator
- Croftone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentrations of total phenolics significantly differed among the cultivars examined, with Lady Williams peel having significantly more phenolics (over 4000 microg x g(-1) peel fresh weight) than Crofton (2668 microg x g(-1) peel fresh weight)”
e1“individual phenolics were measured by diode-array HPLC at monthly intervals in the peel of Granny Smith, Lady Williams, and Crofton apple cultivars stored in air at 0 degrees C for 9 months”
Claim · model-written summary
Granny Smith apple peel had the lowest total phenolics concentration, 1275 microg per g fresh weight.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- Granny Smithe2
- Organ / stage
- peele2
- Outcome
- total phenolicse2
- Direction
- loweste2
- Value
- 1275 microg x g(-1) peel fresh weighte2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“and Granny Smith, which had the lowest concentration of total phenolics (1275 microg x g(-1) peel fresh weight)”
e1“individual phenolics were measured by diode-array HPLC at monthly intervals in the peel of Granny Smith, Lady Williams, and Crofton apple cultivars stored in air at 0 degrees C for 9 months”
Claim · model-written summary
Quercetin glycosides were the only flavonols identified in apple peel.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Organ / stage
- peele1
- Compound
- Quercetin glycosidese3
- Outcome
- flavonols identifiede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Quercetin glycosides were the only flavonols identified”
e1“individual phenolics were measured by diode-array HPLC at monthly intervals in the peel of Granny Smith, Lady Williams, and Crofton apple cultivars stored in air at 0 degrees C for 9 months”
Claim · model-written summary
Quercetin rhamnoglucoside was the most abundant phenolic in apple peel.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Organ / stage
- peele4
- Compound
- quercetin rhamnoglucosidee4
- Outcome
- most abundant phenolice4
- Direction
- most abundante4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“with quercetin rhamnoglucoside being the most abundant phenolic in the peel”
e1“individual phenolics were measured by diode-array HPLC at monthly intervals in the peel of Granny Smith, Lady Williams, and Crofton apple cultivars stored in air at 0 degrees C for 9 months”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorogenic acid was the major cinnamic acid derivative in apple peel.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Compound
- Chlorogenic acide5
- Outcome
- major cinnamic acid derivativee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Chlorogenic acid was the major cinnamic acid derivative”
e1“individual phenolics were measured by diode-array HPLC at monthly intervals in the peel of Granny Smith, Lady Williams, and Crofton apple cultivars stored in air at 0 degrees C for 9 months”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorogenic acid reached concentrations of up to 412 microg per g fresh weight in Crofton peel.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- Croftone6
- Organ / stage
- peele6
- Compound
- Chlorogenic acide5
- Outcome
- concentrationse6
- Value
- up to 412 microg x g(-1)) peel fresh weighte6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“with high concentrations, up to 412 microg x g(-1)) peel fresh weight, in Crofton peel”
e5“Chlorogenic acid was the major cinnamic acid derivative”
e1“individual phenolics were measured by diode-array HPLC at monthly intervals in the peel of Granny Smith, Lady Williams, and Crofton apple cultivars stored in air at 0 degrees C for 9 months”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-storage DPA treatment had few significant effects on apple peel phenolic metabolism.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Organ / stage
- peele7
- Treatment
- pre-storage diphenylamine (DPA) treatmente7
- Outcome
- peel phenolic metabolisme7
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“A pre-storage diphenylamine (DPA) treatment had few significant effects on peel phenolic metabolism”
e1“individual phenolics were measured by diode-array HPLC at monthly intervals in the peel of Granny Smith, Lady Williams, and Crofton apple cultivars stored in air at 0 degrees C for 9 months”
Claim · model-written summary
DPA-treated apple fruit retained higher total peel phenolic concentrations during storage than untreated fruit.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Organ / stage
- peele2
- Treatment
- DPAe2
- Outcome
- total peel phenolicse2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- fruit not treated with DPAe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Where differences did occur, fruit treated with DPA retained higher concentrations of total peel phenolics during storage than fruit not treated with DPA”
e1“individual phenolics were measured by diode-array HPLC at monthly intervals in the peel of Granny Smith, Lady Williams, and Crofton apple cultivars stored in air at 0 degrees C for 9 months”
Claim · model-written summary
Storage for up to 9 months in air at 0 degrees C induced few significant changes in apple peel phenolic concentrations.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Organ / stage
- peele2
- Treatment
- Storage of all cultivars for up to 9 months in air at 0 degrees Ce2
- Outcome
- peel phenolic concentrationse2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Storage of all cultivars for up to 9 months in air at 0 degrees C induced few significant changes in the peel phenolic concentrations”
e1“individual phenolics were measured by diode-array HPLC at monthly intervals in the peel of Granny Smith, Lady Williams, and Crofton apple cultivars stored in air at 0 degrees C for 9 months”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret phenolic metabolism in apple peel as relatively stable during long-term storage.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae2
- Organ / stage
- peele2
- Outcome
- phenolic metabolisme2
- Qualifier
- relatively stablee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“This indicates that phenolic metabolism in apple peel is relatively stable”
The same questions in other papers
diphenylamine · quality: phytochemicals · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
storage · quality: phytochemicals · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
20 papers in the same direction as this paper · 20 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
37 papers more in this group
See all 41 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.