Abstract
Summary: Chlorsulfuron, giyphosate and imazaquin were evaluated in pot and field studies for their efficacy in controlling broomrape ( Orobanche ramosa L.) in tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in Northern Greece. All herbicides were applied four to five weeks after tomato transplanting, when the crop was at early flowering stage and broomrape had started to develop underground attachments. The number of emerged broomrape shoots and underground attachments were less affected by herbicide treatments than the dry weight, suggesting that the herbicides suppress the growth of broomrape rather than kill its underground organs. In the pot experiments, chlorsulfuron applied at 5 g AI ha −1 was the most effective treatment for broomrape control and the least toxic to the crop. Imazaquin and glyphosate applied at 37 and 180 g AI ha −1 , respectively, controlled broomrape but imazaquin reduced crop yield. In the field, similar rates of glyphosate and higher rates of imazaquin were not toxic to the crop but were less effective on broomrape. Chlorsulfuron applied at 10 g AI ha −1 controlled broomrape emergence by 88%. When the herbicide was applied twice (5+10 g AI ha −1 ), it gave complete control of broomrape but delayed crop maturity. The yield of tomato was not increased as a result of these treatments because of low broomrape infestation and a short competition period.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides affected broomrape dry weight more than shoots or attachments.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- herbicide treatmentse0
- Interactor
- broomrapee0parasite
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- less affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of emerged broomrape shoots and underground attachments were less affected by herbicide treatments than the dry weight”
t0“in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer herbicides suppress broomrape growth rather than kill underground organs.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- herbicidese0
- Interactor
- broomrapee0parasite
- Outcome
- growth of broomrapee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggesting that the herbicides suppress the growth of broomrape rather than kill its underground organs.”
t0“in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pot chlorsulfuron at 5 g AI ha −1 was most effective against broomrape.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- chlorsulfuron applied at 5 g AI ha −1e0
- Interactor
- broomrapee0parasite
- Outcome
- broomrape controle0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the pot experiments, chlorsulfuron applied at 5 g AI ha −1 was the most effective treatment for broomrape control”
t0“in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pot chlorsulfuron was least toxic to tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- chlorsulfuron applied at 5 g AI ha −1e0
- Outcome
- toxic to the crope0
- Direction
- leaste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlorsulfuron applied at 5 g AI ha −1 was the most effective treatment for broomrape control and the least toxic to the crop.”
t0“in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Imazaquin controlled broomrape at 37 g AI ha −1.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Imazaquine0
- Interactor
- broomrapee0parasite
- Outcome
- controlled broomrapee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Imazaquin and glyphosate applied at 37 and 180 g AI ha −1 , respectively, controlled broomrape”
t0“in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate controlled broomrape at 180 g AI ha −1.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- glyphosatee0
- Interactor
- broomrapee0parasite
- Outcome
- controlled broomrapee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Imazaquin and glyphosate applied at 37 and 180 g AI ha −1 , respectively, controlled broomrape”
t0“in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Imazaquin reduced tomato yield.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- imazaquine0
- Outcome
- crop yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“imazaquin reduced crop yield.”
t0“in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Field glyphosate at similar rates was not toxic to tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- toxic to the crope0
- Direction
- not toxice0
- Setting
- fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the field, similar rates of glyphosate and higher rates of imazaquin were not toxic to the crop”
t0“in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Field imazaquin at higher rates was not toxic to tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- imazaquine0
- Outcome
- toxic to the crope0
- Direction
- not toxice0
- Setting
- fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the field, similar rates of glyphosate and higher rates of imazaquin were not toxic to the crop”
t0“in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Field glyphosate was less effective against broomrape.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- glyphosatee0
- Interactor
- broomrapee0parasite
- Outcome
- broomrapee0
- Direction
- less effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“similar rates of glyphosate and higher rates of imazaquin were not toxic to the crop but were less effective on broomrape.”
t0“in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Field imazaquin was less effective against broomrape.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- imazaquine0
- Interactor
- broomrapee0parasite
- Outcome
- broomrapee0
- Direction
- less effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“similar rates of glyphosate and higher rates of imazaquin were not toxic to the crop but were less effective on broomrape.”
t0“in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorsulfuron at 10 g AI ha −1 controlled broomrape emergence by 88%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Chlorsulfuron applied at 10 g AI ha −1e0
- Interactor
- broomrapee0parasite
- Outcome
- broomrape emergencee0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- 88%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorsulfuron applied at 10 g AI ha −1 controlled broomrape emergence by 88%.”
t0“in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Twice-applied chlorsulfuron completely controlled broomrape.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- herbicide was applied twice (5+10 g AI ha −1 )e0
- Interactor
- broomrapee0parasite
- Outcome
- control of broomrapee0
- Direction
- completee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the herbicide was applied twice (5+10 g AI ha −1 ), it gave complete control of broomrape”
e1“Chlorsulfuron applied at 10 g AI ha −1”
t0“in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Twice-applied chlorsulfuron delayed tomato maturity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- herbicide was applied twice (5+10 g AI ha −1 )e0
- Outcome
- crop maturitye0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the herbicide was applied twice (5+10 g AI ha −1 ), it gave complete control of broomrape but delayed crop maturity.”
e1“Chlorsulfuron applied at 10 g AI ha −1”
t0“in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbicide treatments did not increase tomato yield under low broomrape infestation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- these treatmentse0
- Interactor
- broomrapee0parasite
- Outcome
- yield of tomatoe0
- Direction
- not increasede0
- Qualifier
- low broomrape infestation and a short competition periode0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield of tomato was not increased as a result of these treatments because of low broomrape infestation and a short competition period.”
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