Abstract
Abstract The effects of carbonized chicken manure (CCM) on the growth, nodulation, yield, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents of four grain legumes (soybean, cowpea, common bean and adzuki bean) were evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. Carbonized chicken manure produced from chicken manure dried in a furnace at 450°C was used in this experiment. The manure was incorporated into the sandy loam soil of each grain legume at two rates (0 kg N ha−1 and 100 kg N ha−1) three weeks before sowing. Growth, nodulation and total biomass N and P were evaluated at peak flowering stage of growth. The CCM showed positive effects on nodule number and weight of soybean and cowpea while it depressed nodule number in adzuki bean. Biomass total N content of soybean and cowpea increased with CCM supply while it decreased in adzuki bean. Biomass and seed total P content of soybean, cowpea and adzuki bean all increased in response to CCM application. Soybean and cowpea seed yields increased by 27% and 43% respectively in response to CCM supply. There was a strong positive correlation between seed P content and seed yield of soybean which indicates the importance of elemental P to soybean seed yield. No such phenomenon was observed in adzuki bean. A strong positive correlation was also observed between seed total N content and seed yield of the grain legumes. The results indicate that although common bean had the highest biomass total P content at peak flowering stage both vegetative and reproductive growth were poor due to the unsuitably high day/night temperatures in the greenhouse. Application of CCM slightly depressed yield of adzuki bean due to the reduction in the number of pods per pot and the 100 seed weight. This study shows that CCM is a good source of N and P for the growth, nodulation and yield of some grain legumes particularly soybean and cowpea. Keywords: CCMgrain legumesseed yieldtotal Ntotal P ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology for generous financial support. Notes ∗The pH and EC were measured in distilled water extracts of CCM. [1:20 (w/v) on dry weight basis].
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Carbonized chicken manure had positive effects on nodule number and weight of soybean and cowpea.
- Taxon
- soybean and cowpea
Glycine max
Vigna unguiculatae0 - Treatment
- CCMe0
- Outcome
- nodule number and weighte0
- Direction
- positive effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The CCM showed positive effects on nodule number and weight of soybean and cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbonized chicken manure depressed nodule number in adzuki bean.
- Taxon
- adzuki bean
Vigna angularise0 - Treatment
- CCMe1
- Outcome
- nodule numbere0
- Direction
- depressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it depressed nodule number in adzuki bean”
e1“The CCM showed positive effects”
Claim · model-written summary
Biomass total N content of soybean and cowpea increased with carbonized chicken manure supply.
- Taxon
- soybean and cowpeaGlycine maxVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- CCM supplye0
- Outcome
- Biomass total N contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biomass total N content of soybean and cowpea increased with CCM supply while it decreased in adzuki bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Biomass total N content of adzuki bean decreased with carbonized chicken manure supply.
- Taxon
- adzuki beanVigna angularise0
- Treatment
- CCM supplye0
- Outcome
- Biomass total N contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biomass total N content of soybean and cowpea increased with CCM supply while it decreased in adzuki bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Biomass and seed total P content of soybean, cowpea and adzuki bean all increased in response to carbonized chicken manure application.
- Taxon
- soybean, cowpea and adzuki beanGlycine maxVigna angularisVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- CCM applicatione0
- Outcome
- Biomass and seed total P contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biomass and seed total P content of soybean, cowpea and adzuki bean all increased in response to CCM application”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean seed yield increased by 27% in response to carbonized chicken manure supply.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean and cowpea seed yields increased by 27% and 43% respectively in response to CCM supply”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea seed yield increased by 43% in response to carbonized chicken manure supply.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- CCM supplye0
- Outcome
- seed yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 43%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean and cowpea seed yields increased by 27% and 43% respectively in response to CCM supply”
Claim · model-written summary
There was a strong positive correlation between seed P content and seed yield of soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Compound
- Pe0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- positive correlatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a strong positive correlation between seed P content and seed yield of soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The correlation between seed P content and seed yield was not observed in adzuki bean.
- Taxon
- adzuki beanVigna angularise1
- Compound
- Pe0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed P content and seed yield of soybean”
e1“No such phenomenon was observed in adzuki bean”
Claim · model-written summary
A strong positive correlation was observed between seed total N content and seed yield of the grain legumes.
Verbatim
e0“A strong positive correlation was also observed between seed total N content and seed yield of the grain legumes”
Claim · model-written summary
Common bean had the highest biomass total P content at peak flowering stage.
- Taxon
- common bean
Phaseolus vulgarise0 - Organ / stage
- peak flowering stagee0
- Outcome
- biomass total P contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“common bean had the highest biomass total P content at peak flowering stage both vegetative and reproductive growth were poor due to the unsuitably high day/night temperatures in the greenhouse”
Claim · model-written summary
Vegetative and reproductive growth of common bean were poor, attributed to unsuitably high day/night temperatures in the greenhouse.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Outcome
- vegetative and reproductive growth were poore0
- Qualifier
- unsuitably high day/night temperatures in the greenhousee0
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“common bean had the highest biomass total P content at peak flowering stage both vegetative and reproductive growth were poor due to the unsuitably high day/night temperatures in the greenhouse”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbonized chicken manure application slightly depressed adzuki bean yield, due to fewer pods per pot and lower 100 seed weight.
- Taxon
- adzuki beanVigna angularise0
- Treatment
- Application of CCMe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- depressede0
- Qualifier
- slightlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of CCM slightly depressed yield of adzuki bean due to the reduction in the number of pods per pot and the 100 seed weight”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that carbonized chicken manure is a good source of N and P for growth, nodulation and yield of some grain legumes, particularly soybean and cowpea.
Verbatim
e0“CCM is a good source of N and P for the growth, nodulation and yield of some grain legumes particularly soybean and cowpea”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.