Abstract
We experimentally examined the effects of elevated O₃ and whitefly herbivory on tomato volatiles, feeding and oviposition preferences of whiteflies and behavioural responses of Encarsia formosa to these emissions on two tomato genotypes, a wild-type (Wt) and a jasmonic acid (JA) defence-enhanced genotype (JA-OE, 35S). The O₃ level and whitefly herbivory significantly increased the total amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), monoterpenes, green leaf volatiles (GLVs), and aldehyde volatiles produced by tomato plants. The 35S plants released higher amount of total VOCs and monoterpene volatiles than Wt plants under O₃+herbivory treatments. The feeding and oviposition bioassays showed that control plants were preferred by adult whiteflies whereas the 35S plants were not preferred by whiteflies. In the Y-tube tests, O₃+herbivory treatment genotypes were preferred by adult E. Formosa. The 35S plants were preferred by adult E. formosa under O₃, herbivory and O₃+herbivory treatments. Our results demonstrated that elevated O₃ and whitefly herbivory significantly increased tomato volatiles, which attracted E. formosa and reduced whitefly feeding. The 35S plants had a higher resistance to B. tabaci than Wt plant. Such changes suggest that the direct and indirect defences of resistant genotypes, such as 35S, could strengthen as the atmospheric O₃ concentration increases.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated O3 and whitefly herbivory significantly increased the total amount of volatile organic compounds from tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume2 - Treatment
- O₃ level and whitefly herbivorye2
- Interactor
- whiteflye2pest
- Outcome
- total amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)e2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“whitefly-infested tomato plants”
e2“The O₃ level and whitefly herbivory significantly increased the total amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), monoterpenes, green leaf volatiles (GLVs), and aldehyde volatiles produced by tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated O3 and whitefly herbivory significantly increased monoterpenes, green leaf volatiles and aldehyde volatiles from tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- O₃ level and whitefly herbivorye2
- Interactor
- whiteflye2pest
- Outcome
- monoterpenes, green leaf volatiles (GLVs), and aldehyde volatilese2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“whitefly-infested tomato plants”
e2“The O₃ level and whitefly herbivory significantly increased the total amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), monoterpenes, green leaf volatiles (GLVs), and aldehyde volatiles produced by tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Adult whiteflies preferred control tomato plants over 35S plants in feeding and oviposition bioassays.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- 35S plantse3
- Interactor
- whitefliesAleyrodoideae3pest
- Outcome
- preferred by adult whitefliese3
- Direction
- not preferrede3
- Comparator
- control plantse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“whitefly-infested tomato plants”
e3“control plants were preferred by adult whiteflies whereas the 35S plants were not preferred by whiteflies”
Claim · model-written summary
Adult Encarsia formosa preferred tomato genotypes under O3 plus herbivory in Y-tube tests.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- O₃+herbivorye4
- Interactor
- E. Formosae4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- preferred by adult E. Formosae4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“whitefly-infested tomato plants”
e4“In the Y-tube tests, O₃+herbivory treatment genotypes were preferred by adult E. Formosa”
Claim · model-written summary
The 35S tomato plants were preferred by adult Encarsia formosa under O3, herbivory and O3 plus herbivory treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- 35S plantse5
- Treatment
- O₃, herbivory and O₃+herbivory treatmentse5
- Interactor
- E. formosa
Encarsia formosae5biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- preferred by adult E. formosae5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“whitefly-infested tomato plants”
e5“The 35S plants were preferred by adult E. formosa under O₃, herbivory and O₃+herbivory treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated O3 and whitefly herbivory reduced whitefly feeding on tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- elevated O₃ and whitefly herbivorye6
- Interactor
- whiteflye6pest
- Outcome
- whitefly feedinge6
- Direction
- reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“whitefly-infested tomato plants”
e6“Our results demonstrated that elevated O₃ and whitefly herbivory significantly increased tomato volatiles, which attracted E. formosa and reduced whitefly feeding”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased tomato volatiles under elevated O3 and whitefly herbivory were associated with attraction of Encarsia formosa.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- elevated O₃ and whitefly herbivorye6
- Interactor
- E. formosaEncarsia formosae6biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- attracted E. formosae6
- Qualifier
- increased tomato volatilese6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“whitefly-infested tomato plants”
e6“Our results demonstrated that elevated O₃ and whitefly herbivory significantly increased tomato volatiles, which attracted E. formosa and reduced whitefly feeding”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistant genotypes such as 35S may strengthen their direct and indirect defences as atmospheric O3 concentration increases.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- 35Se7
- Treatment
- atmospheric O₃ concentratione7
- Outcome
- direct and indirect defences of resistant genotypese7
- Direction
- strengthene7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“whitefly-infested tomato plants”
e7“the direct and indirect defences of resistant genotypes, such as 35S, could strengthen as the atmospheric O₃ concentration increases”
Claim · model-written summary
The 35S tomato plants had higher resistance to Bemisia tabaci than wild-type plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- 35S plantse6
- Interactor
- B. tabacie6pest
- Outcome
- resistance to B. tabacie6
- Direction
- highere6
- Comparator
- Wt plante6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“whitefly-infested tomato plants”
e6“The 35S plants had a higher resistance to B. tabaci than Wt plant”
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1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.