Abstract
ABSTRACT Photooxidative sunburn, a third type that is distinctly different from sunburn necrosis and sunburn browning, is described for apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Shaded (nonacclimated) apples suddenly exposed to sunlight became photobleached and eventually necrotic. Electron micrographs and electrolyte leakage studies indicated that cell death occurred with photobleaching. Photobleaching occurred at fruit surface temperatures (FST) below 31°C. Sunburn browning and sunburn necrosis require FST above 45°C. Ultraviolet-B radiation is involved in induction of sunburn browning, but blocking UV-A and UV-B radiation did not protect nonacclimated apples from photobleaching and necrosis. Infrared radiation (>700 nm) was ruled out as an induction factor. We suggest that visible radiation and the production of reactive oxygen species are the induction factors for photooxidative sunburn.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Photooxidative sunburn was described as a third distinct apple sunburn type.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Outcome
- Photooxidative sunburn, a third typee0
- Comparator
- sunburn necrosis and sunburn browninge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photooxidative sunburn, a third type that is distinctly different from sunburn necrosis and sunburn browning, is described for apple (Malus domestica Borkh.).”
Claim · model-written summary
Sudden sun exposure photobleached shaded apples and eventually caused necrosis.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- suddenly exposed to sunlighte0
- Outcome
- photobleached and eventually necrotice0
- Qualifier
- Shaded (nonacclimated)e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shaded (nonacclimated) apples suddenly exposed to sunlight became photobleached and eventually necrotic.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell death occurred with photobleaching.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- cell deathe0
- Comparator
- photobleachinge0
Not reportedOrgan / stageDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“Electron micrographs and electrolyte leakage studies indicated that cell death occurred with photobleaching.”
Claim · model-written summary
Photobleaching occurred below 31°C fruit surface temperature.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Outcome
- Photobleachinge0
- Value
- below 31°Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“Photobleaching occurred at fruit surface temperatures (FST) below 31°C.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunburn browning and necrosis require fruit surface temperatures above 45°C.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- Sunburn browning and sunburn necrosise0
- Value
- above 45°Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“Sunburn browning and sunburn necrosis require FST above 45°C.”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B radiation is involved in sunburn browning induction.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Ultraviolet-B radiatione0
- Outcome
- sunburn browninge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“Ultraviolet-B radiation is involved in induction of sunburn browning”
Claim · model-written summary
Blocking UV-A and UV-B did not protect nonacclimated apples from photobleaching and necrosis.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- blocking UV-A and UV-B radiatione0
- Outcome
- photobleaching and necrosise0
- Direction
- did not protecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“blocking UV-A and UV-B radiation did not protect nonacclimated apples from photobleaching and necrosis”
Claim · model-written summary
Infrared radiation was ruled out as an induction factor.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Infrared radiatione0
- Outcome
- induction factore0
- Qualifier
- >700 nme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“Infrared radiation (>700 nm) was ruled out as an induction factor.”
Claim · model-written summary
Visible radiation and reactive oxygen species were proposed as photooxidative sunburn induction factors.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- visible radiatione0
- Compound
- reactive oxygen speciese0
- Outcome
- photooxidative sunburne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“We suggest that visible radiation and the production of reactive oxygen species are the induction factors for photooxidative sunburn.”
The same questions in other papers
radiation · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Results differ
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →uv · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.