Abstract
Enrichment of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks through sequestration of atmospheric CO 2 in agricultural soils is important because of its impacts on soil quality, agronomic production, and adaptation to and mitigation of climate change. In a 21‐yr field experiment conducted under subhumid tropical conditions in India, the impacts of crop residue C inputs were assessed for the rice ( Oryza sativa L.)–lentil ( Lens esculenta Moench) cropping sequence. These impacts were evaluated in an experiment involving mineral fertilizers and manuring treatments on crop yield sustainability with reference to critical biomass requirements for maintenance of SOC in an Inceptisol. Application of farmyard manure (FYM) without and with mineral fertilizers increased C input and SOC concentration and stock. In comparison with the control, the 100% organic (FYM) treatment had significantly higher profile SOC (27.5 Mg ha −1 ), and more C build up (55.0%) and C sequestration (6.6 Mg C ha −1 ) to 1‐m depth vis‐à‐vis the antecedent values in 1986. These parameters were also higher in 100% FYM treatment at a rate providing equivalent amount of the recommended dose of N followed by conjunctive use of FYM and mineral fertilizers. The SOC stock and rate of sequestration were positively correlated with cumulative C input, and with sustainable yield index (SYI) of upland rice and lentil. Higher grain yield (1.95 and 1.04 Mg ha −1 of rice and lentil, respectively) was obtained with the application of 50% organic (FYM)+50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF). In comparison, higher SOC sequestration rate was measured with the application of 100% organic (FYM). For every Mg increase in SOC stock in the root zone there was 0.16 and 0.18 Mg ha −1 yr −1 yield increase of rice and lentil, respectively. For maintaining a stable SOC level (zero change due to cropping), a minimum quantity of 2.47 Mg C ha −1 yr −1 is required for this soil, climate, cropping system, and fertilization treatments. To achieve this quantity of C, 7.1 Mg of biomass is required to be produced every year vs. average rice and lentil yields of 1.6 and 0.7 Mg ha −1 , respectively. The sole application of mineral fertilizers at 50 or 100% of the RDF did not maintain the SOC stock. Thus, application of FYM (or other organics) in conjunction with mineral fertilizers is essential to maintaining and enhancing the SOC stock in the rice‐based cropping systems.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure with or without mineral fertilizer increased carbon input and soil organic carbon concentration and stock.
- Taxon
- Rice–Lentil
Lens culinaris
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- farmyard manure (FYM)e0
- Outcome
- C input and SOC concentration and stocke0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of farmyard manure (FYM) without and with mineral fertilizers increased C input and SOC concentration and stock.”
t0“Rice–Lentil”
Claim · model-written summary
The 100% organic treatment had higher profile SOC than the control.
- Taxon
- Rice–LentilLens culinarisOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100% organic (FYM)e0
- Outcome
- profile SOCe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 27.5 Mg ha −1e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In comparison with the control, the 100% organic (FYM) treatment had significantly higher profile SOC (27.5 Mg ha −1 )”
t0“Rice–Lentil”
Claim · model-written summary
The 100% organic treatment produced 55.0% carbon buildup relative to antecedent values.
- Taxon
- Rice–LentilLens culinarisOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100% organic (FYM)e1
- Outcome
- C build upe0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 55.0%e0
- Comparator
- the antecedent values in 1986e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and more C build up (55.0%) and C sequestration (6.6 Mg C ha −1 ) to 1‐m depth vis‐à‐vis the antecedent values in 1986.”
e1“the 100% organic (FYM) treatment”
t0“Rice–Lentil”
Claim · model-written summary
The 100% organic treatment produced 6.6 Mg C per hectare sequestration to one metre relative to antecedent values.
- Taxon
- Rice–LentilLens culinarisOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100% organic (FYM)e1
- Outcome
- C sequestratione0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 6.6 Mg C ha −1e0
- Comparator
- the antecedent values in 1986e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and more C build up (55.0%) and C sequestration (6.6 Mg C ha −1 ) to 1‐m depth vis‐à‐vis the antecedent values in 1986.”
e1“the 100% organic (FYM) treatment”
t0“Rice–Lentil”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic carbon stock and sequestration rate correlated positively with cumulative carbon input.
- Taxon
- rice and lentilLens culinarisOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- SOC stock and rate of sequestratione0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- cumulative C inpute0
Not reportedMaterialCompoundOrgan / stageInteractorTreatmentComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SOC stock and rate of sequestration were positively correlated with cumulative C input, and with sustainable yield index (SYI) of upland rice and lentil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic carbon stock and sequestration rate correlated positively with sustainable yield index.
- Taxon
- rice and lentilLens culinarisOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- SOC stock and rate of sequestratione0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- sustainable yield index (SYI)e0
- Comparator
- sustainable yield index (SYI)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SOC stock and rate of sequestration were positively correlated with cumulative C input, and with sustainable yield index (SYI) of upland rice and lentil.”
Claim · model-written summary
The half organic, half recommended fertilizer treatment yielded 1.95 Mg per hectare of rice grain.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 50% organic (FYM)+50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF)e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- Highere0
- Value
- 1.95e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher grain yield (1.95 and 1.04 Mg ha −1 of rice and lentil, respectively) was obtained with the application of 50% organic (FYM)+50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF).”
Claim · model-written summary
The half organic, half recommended fertilizer treatment yielded 1.04 Mg per hectare of lentil grain.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- 50% organic (FYM)+50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF)e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- Highere0
- Value
- 1.04 Mg ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher grain yield (1.95 and 1.04 Mg ha −1 of rice and lentil, respectively) was obtained with the application of 50% organic (FYM)+50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF).”
Claim · model-written summary
The wholly organic treatment had a higher soil carbon sequestration rate by comparison.
- Taxon
- Rice–LentilLens culinarisOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100% organic (FYM)e0
- Outcome
- SOC sequestration ratee0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In comparison, higher SOC sequestration rate was measured with the application of 100% organic (FYM).”
t0“Rice–Lentil”
Claim · model-written summary
Each megagram increase in root-zone SOC stock was associated with 0.16 Mg per hectare per year greater rice yield.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For every Mg increase in SOC stock in the root zone there was 0.16 and 0.18 Mg ha −1 yr −1 yield increase of rice and lentil, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Each megagram increase in root-zone SOC stock was associated with 0.18 Mg per hectare per year greater lentil yield.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Outcome
- yield increasee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 0.18 Mg ha −1 yr −1e0
- Setting
- root zonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For every Mg increase in SOC stock in the root zone there was 0.16 and 0.18 Mg ha −1 yr −1 yield increase of rice and lentil, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Maintaining stable soil carbon in this cropping system requires at least 2.47 Mg carbon input per hectare per year.
- Taxon
- Rice–LentilLens culinarisOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- a minimum quantity of 2.47 Mg C ha −1 yr −1e0
- Value
- 2.47 Mg C ha −1 yr −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For maintaining a stable SOC level (zero change due to cropping), a minimum quantity of 2.47 Mg C ha −1 yr −1 is required for this soil, climate, cropping system, and fertilization treatments.”
t0“Rice–Lentil”
Claim · model-written summary
Producing 7.1 Mg biomass each year is required to provide that carbon input.
- Taxon
- rice and lentilLens culinarisOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- 7.1 Mg of biomass is required to be produced every yeare0
- Value
- 7.1 Mge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To achieve this quantity of C, 7.1 Mg of biomass is required to be produced every year vs. average rice and lentil yields of 1.6 and 0.7 Mg ha −1 , respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mineral fertilizers alone at either 50% or 100% of recommended dose did not maintain soil organic carbon stock.
- Taxon
- Rice–LentilLens culinarisOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- mineral fertilizers at 50 or 100% of the RDFe0
- Outcome
- SOC stocke0
- Direction
- did not maintaine0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The sole application of mineral fertilizers at 50 or 100% of the RDF did not maintain the SOC stock.”
t0“Rice–Lentil”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend farmyard manure or other organics with mineral fertilizers to maintain and increase soil carbon.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- application of FYM (or other organics) in conjunction with mineral fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thus, application of FYM (or other organics) in conjunction with mineral fertilizers is essential to maintaining and enhancing the SOC stock in the rice‐based cropping systems.”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · yield · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results differ
85 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- negative
95 papers more in this group
See all 99 papers →fertilization · soil: chemistry · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
279 papers in the same direction as this paper · 23 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
301 papers more in this group
See all 305 papers →fertilization · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
3,182 papers in the same direction as this paper · 207 in the opposite direction · 65 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- no effect
3,451 papers more in this group
See all 3,455 papers →fertilization · soil: chemistry · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.