Abstract
Few herbicides are available for weed control in vegetable production systems using low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic mulch. With the elimination of methyl bromide for pest management and subsequent use of various alternative fumigants, the need for herbicides in vegetable production systems has increased. An experiment was conducted to evaluate tolerance of transplant summer squash and tomato to carfentrazone, flumioxazin, glyphosate, halosulfuron, or paraquat applied to the mulch prior to transplanting. After applying herbicides overtop of the mulch but prior to vegetable transplant, the mulch was either irrigated with 1.0 cm of water or not irrigated. Carfentrazone did not affect either crop regardless of irrigation. Irrigation readily removed glyphosate and paraquat from the mulch, as there was no adverse crop injury in these treatments. In the absence of irrigation, glyphosate and paraquat reduced squash diameter and tomato heights 18 to 34% at 3 wk after transplanting (WAT). Squash and tomato fruit numbers and fruit biomass (yield) were reduced 17 to 37%, and 25 to 33%, respectively. Halosulfuron reduced squash diameter and yield 71 to 74% and tomato heights and yields 16 to 37% when mulch was not irrigated prior to transplanting. After irrigating, halosulfuron had no affect on tomato, but reduced squash growth and yield 40 to 44%. Flumioxazin killed both crops when the mulch was not irrigated; and reduced squash yield 56% when irrigated. With irrigation, flumioxazin did not impact tomato fruit number, but did reduce tomato weight by 25%. These studies demonstrate the safety of carfentrazone, applied on mulch prior to transplanting either squash or tomato, regardless of irrigation, and also demonstrate the safety of glyphosate and paraquat if irrigated prior to transplanting. Conversely, flumioxazin should not be applied over mulch before transplanting either crop, regardless of irrigation. Halosulfuron application over mulch should be avoided before transplanting squash, regardless of irrigation, but can be applied prior to transplanting tomato if irrigated.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Carfentrazone did not affect either crop regardless of irrigation.
- Taxon
- Vegetablet0
- Treatment
- Carfentrazonee0
- Outcome
- either crope0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
- Qualifier
- regardless of irrigatione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Carfentrazone did not affect either crop regardless of irrigation”
t0“Vegetable”
Claim · model-written summary
After irrigation, glyphosate caused no adverse crop injury.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation readily removed glyphosate and paraquat from the mulch, as there was no adverse crop injury in these treatments”
t0“Vegetable”
Claim · model-written summary
After irrigation, paraquat caused no adverse crop injury.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation readily removed glyphosate and paraquat from the mulch, as there was no adverse crop injury in these treatments”
t0“Vegetable”
Claim · model-written summary
Without irrigation, glyphosate reduced squash diameter by 18 to 34% at three weeks.
- Taxon
- squashe0
- Treatment
- glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- squash diametere0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 18 to 34%e0
- Qualifier
- absence of irrigatione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In the absence of irrigation, glyphosate and paraquat reduced squash diameter and tomato heights 18 to 34% at 3 wk after transplanting (WAT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Without irrigation, paraquat reduced squash diameter by 18 to 34% at three weeks.
- Taxon
- squashe0
- Treatment
- paraquate0
- Outcome
- squash diametere0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 18 to 34%e0
- Qualifier
- absence of irrigatione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In the absence of irrigation, glyphosate and paraquat reduced squash diameter and tomato heights 18 to 34% at 3 wk after transplanting (WAT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Without irrigation, glyphosate reduced tomato height by 18 to 34% at three weeks.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- tomato heightse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 18 to 34%e0
- Qualifier
- absence of irrigatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the absence of irrigation, glyphosate and paraquat reduced squash diameter and tomato heights 18 to 34% at 3 wk after transplanting (WAT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Without irrigation, paraquat reduced tomato height by 18 to 34% at three weeks.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- paraquate0
- Outcome
- tomato heightse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 18 to 34%e0
- Qualifier
- absence of irrigatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the absence of irrigation, glyphosate and paraquat reduced squash diameter and tomato heights 18 to 34% at 3 wk after transplanting (WAT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Squash and tomato fruit numbers were reduced 17 to 37%.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“Squash and tomato fruit numbers and fruit biomass (yield) were reduced 17 to 37%, and 25 to 33%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Squash and tomato fruit biomass was reduced 25 to 33%.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“Squash and tomato fruit numbers and fruit biomass (yield) were reduced 17 to 37%, and 25 to 33%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Without irrigation, halosulfuron reduced squash diameter and yield by 71 to 74%.
- Taxon
- squashe0
- Treatment
- Halosulfurone0
- Outcome
- squash diameter and yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 71 to 74%e0
- Qualifier
- mulch was not irrigated prior to transplantinge0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Halosulfuron reduced squash diameter and yield 71 to 74% and tomato heights and yields 16 to 37% when mulch was not irrigated prior to transplanting”
Claim · model-written summary
Without irrigation, halosulfuron reduced tomato height and yield by 16 to 37%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Halosulfurone0
- Outcome
- tomato heights and yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 16 to 37%e0
- Qualifier
- mulch was not irrigated prior to transplantinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Halosulfuron reduced squash diameter and yield 71 to 74% and tomato heights and yields 16 to 37% when mulch was not irrigated prior to transplanting”
Claim · model-written summary
After irrigation, halosulfuron did not affect tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- halosulfurone0
- Outcome
- tomatoe0
- Direction
- no affecte0
- Qualifier
- After irrigatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After irrigating, halosulfuron had no affect on tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
After irrigation, halosulfuron reduced squash growth and yield by 40 to 44%.
- Taxon
- squashe0
- Treatment
- halosulfurone0
- Outcome
- squash growth and yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 40 to 44%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“halosulfuron had no affect on tomato, but reduced squash growth and yield 40 to 44%”
Claim · model-written summary
Flumioxazin killed both crops without irrigation.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Flumioxazin killed both crops when the mulch was not irrigated”
t0“Vegetable”
Claim · model-written summary
With irrigation, flumioxazin reduced squash yield by 56%.
- Taxon
- squashe0
- Treatment
- flumioxazint0
- Outcome
- squash yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 56%e0
- Qualifier
- when irrigatede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“reduced squash yield 56% when irrigated”
t0“Flumioxazin killed both crops”
Claim · model-written summary
With irrigation, flumioxazin did not affect tomato fruit number.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- flumioxazine0
- Outcome
- tomato fruit numbere0
- Direction
- did not impacte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With irrigation, flumioxazin did not impact tomato fruit number”
Claim · model-written summary
With irrigation, flumioxazin reduced tomato weight by 25%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- flumioxazine0
- Outcome
- tomato weighte0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 25%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flumioxazin did not impact tomato fruit number, but did reduce tomato weight by 25%”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors advise against applying flumioxazin over mulch before transplanting either crop.
Verbatim
e0“flumioxazin should not be applied over mulch before transplanting either crop, regardless of irrigation”
t0“Vegetable”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors advise avoiding halosulfuron before transplanting squash.
Verbatim
e0“Halosulfuron application over mulch should be avoided before transplanting squash, regardless of irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider halosulfuron acceptable for tomato if the mulch is irrigated.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Halosulfuront0
- Outcome
- can be applied prior to transplanting tomato if irrigatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but can be applied prior to transplanting tomato if irrigated”
t0“Halosulfuron application over mulch”
The same questions in other papers
Halosulfuron-methyl · yield · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results differ
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Halosulfuron-methyl · yield · Cucurbita (pumpkins)Results differ
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →glyphosate · growth · Cucurbita (pumpkins)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Halosulfuron-methyl · organism · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.