Abstract
ABSTRACT Spraying high rates of inorganic zinc (Zn) salts during the late-dormant or delayed-dormant period has been a traditional practice to control Zn insufficiency in Pacific Northwest apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) orchards. Long-term use of such sprays can cause excessive soil accumulation of Zn. Using circum-bloom sprays of less phytotoxic Zn products may improve Zn phytoavailability and reduce Zn fertilizer requirements. A four-year field study was conducted comparing Zn phytoavailability and other effects of five Zn spray programs applied to ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees. Treatments were late-dormant sprays of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) applied at medium and high rates, a single delayed-dormant spray of a medium rate of zinc oxide (ZnO) tank-mixed with horticultural oil, and multiple circum-bloom sprays of two organically complexed Zn products applied at much lower per-acre rates. No sprays were applied in the last year in order to evaluate carry-over effects. Zinc concentrations of unwashed and detergent plus acid-washed leaves (a procedure used to remove surface residues of the Zn sprays) sampled in August and of unwashed winter buds were used as indices of tree Zn status. The late- and delayed-dormant Zn sprays had no effect on leaf Zn concentration, which also was unaffected by washing in these treatments. The organically complexed Zn sprays substantially increased Zn concentrations in both unwashed and washed leaves. Washing reduced leaf Zn concentration in these treatments. There was no detectable lasting effect of the three previous seasons of Zn sprays on leaf Zn in the fourth year, or on bud Zn concentration during any winter following the sprays. None of the sprays influenced shoot growth or fruiting performance, or induced phytotoxicity symptoms. The results suggest that the two tested organically complexed Zn products, sprayed multiple times at low Zn rates starting slightly before bloom, can safely provide greater amounts of phytoavailable Zn than traditional dormant season sprays of high rates of inorganic Zn salts. They also validate the need for annual application of Zn and possibly Cu nutritional sprays.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Late- and delayed-dormant Zn sprays had no effect on leaf Zn concentration in apple.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Material
- Golden Deliciouse0
- Organ / stage
- leafe1
- Treatment
- late- and delayed-dormant Zn sprayse1
- Outcome
- leaf Zn concentratione1
- Direction
- no effecte1
- Setting
- field studye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A four-year field study was conducted comparing Zn phytoavailability and other effects of five Zn spray programs applied to ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees”
e1“The late- and delayed-dormant Zn sprays had no effect on leaf Zn concentration, which also was unaffected by washing in these treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Organically complexed Zn sprays substantially increased Zn concentrations in unwashed and washed apple leaves.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- organically complexed Zn sprayse1
- Outcome
- Zn concentrations in both unwashed and washed leavese1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- substantiallye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A four-year field study was conducted comparing Zn phytoavailability and other effects of five Zn spray programs applied to ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees”
e1“The organically complexed Zn sprays substantially increased Zn concentrations in both unwashed and washed leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Washing reduced leaf Zn concentration in the organically complexed Zn spray treatments of apple.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Washinge1
- Outcome
- leaf Zn concentratione1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- in these treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A four-year field study was conducted comparing Zn phytoavailability and other effects of five Zn spray programs applied to ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees”
e1“Washing reduced leaf Zn concentration in these treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
No detectable lasting effect of three previous seasons of Zn sprays on leaf Zn in the fourth year, or on bud Zn concentration in any following winter, in apple.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- leafe1
- Treatment
- three previous seasons of Zn sprayse1
- Outcome
- leaf Zne1
- Direction
- no detectable lasting effecte1
- Qualifier
- bud Zn concentration during any winter following the sprayse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A four-year field study was conducted comparing Zn phytoavailability and other effects of five Zn spray programs applied to ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees”
e1“There was no detectable lasting effect of the three previous seasons of Zn sprays on leaf Zn in the fourth year, or on bud Zn concentration during any winter following the sprays”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn spray programs did not influence shoot growth or fruiting performance, and induced no phytotoxicity symptoms, in apple.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Zn spray programse0
- Outcome
- shoot growth or fruiting performance, or induced phytotoxicity symptomse1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A four-year field study was conducted comparing Zn phytoavailability and other effects of five Zn spray programs applied to ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees”
e1“None of the sprays influenced shoot growth or fruiting performance, or induced phytotoxicity symptoms”
Claim · model-written summary
Two organically complexed Zn products applied several times at low rates from before bloom may safely supply more phytoavailable Zn to apple than traditional dormant high-rate inorganic Zn sprays.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- organically complexed Zn products, sprayed multiple times at low Zn rates starting slightly before bloome1
- Outcome
- phytoavailable Zne1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Qualifier
- safelye1
- Comparator
- traditional dormant season sprays of high rates of inorganic Zn saltse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A four-year field study was conducted comparing Zn phytoavailability and other effects of five Zn spray programs applied to ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees”
e1“The results suggest that the two tested organically complexed Zn products, sprayed multiple times at low Zn rates starting slightly before bloom, can safely provide greater amounts of phytoavailable Zn than traditional dormant season sprays of high rates of inorganic Zn salts”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend annual application of Zn and possibly Cu nutritional sprays in apple orchards.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- annual application of Zn and possibly Cu nutritional sprayse1
- Outcome
- need for annual application of Zne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A four-year field study was conducted comparing Zn phytoavailability and other effects of five Zn spray programs applied to ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees”
e1“They also validate the need for annual application of Zn and possibly Cu nutritional sprays”
Claim · model-written summary
Washing did not affect leaf Zn concentration in the late- and delayed-dormant Zn spray treatments of apple.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- washinge1
- Outcome
- leaf Zn concentratione1
- Direction
- unaffectede1
- Qualifier
- late- and delayed-dormant Zn sprayse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A four-year field study was conducted comparing Zn phytoavailability and other effects of five Zn spray programs applied to ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees”
e1“The late- and delayed-dormant Zn sprays had no effect on leaf Zn concentration, which also was unaffected by washing in these treatments”
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See all 116 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.