Abstract
Abstract Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is an important aromatic plant mainly used in beverages in Greece, in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, and in confectionaries. There is a need to know which cultivar and N-fertility rate are the most appropriate for a high essential oil content of good quality. Three cultivars, two of sweet fennel from Greece and Turkey, and one bitter fennel from Bulgaria, were evaluated for their essential oil yield and quality under three levels of nitrogen (60, 80 and 100 kgha1). Essential oils yield ranged from 2.35 to 9.58%, and percentages of the main constituents: anethole (64.30-82.30%), L-fenchone (0.90-20.60%), methyl chavicol (2.60-4.00%) and limonene (3.30-7.20%) varied significantly among the cultivars. Essential oil yield and composition were affected by cultivar, but not by nitrogen rate. The sweet cultivar from Greece yielded higher amounts of essential oil; the cultivar from Turkey had higher amounts of anethole than did the bitter cultivar from Bulgaria, though L-fenchone was higher in the latter. If soil nitrogen levels are sufficient additional nitrogen will not be needed in the cultivation of fennel for production of essential oils.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Fennel essential oil yield ranged from 2.35 to 9.58%.
- Taxon
- Fennel
_-_Parc_Natural_de_s'Albufera%2C_Spain_2022-04-18_(02).jpg?width=60)
Anethum foeniculume1 - Outcome
- Essential oils yielde0
- Value
- 2.35 to 9.58%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_-_Parc_Natural_de_s'Albufera%2C_Spain_2022-04-18_(02).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Essential oils yield ranged from 2.35 to 9.58%”
e1“Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Anethole percentage ranged from 64.30 to 82.30% among fennel cultivars.
- Taxon
- FennelAnethum foeniculume2
- Material
- cultivarse1
- Outcome
- anetholee0
- Value
- 64.30-82.30%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“anethole (64.30-82.30%)”
e1“varied significantly among the cultivars”
e2“Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
L-fenchone percentage ranged from 0.90 to 20.60% among fennel cultivars.
- Taxon
- FennelAnethum foeniculume2
- Material
- cultivarse1
- Outcome
- L-fenchonee0
- Value
- 0.90-20.60%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“L-fenchone (0.90-20.60%)”
e1“varied significantly among the cultivars”
e2“Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Methyl chavicol percentage ranged from 2.60 to 4.00% among fennel cultivars.
- Taxon
- FennelAnethum foeniculume2
- Material
- cultivarse1
- Outcome
- methyl chavicole0
- Value
- 2.60-4.00%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“methyl chavicol (2.60-4.00%)”
e1“varied significantly among the cultivars”
e2“Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Limonene percentage ranged from 3.30 to 7.20% among fennel cultivars.
- Taxon
- FennelAnethum foeniculume2
- Material
- cultivarse1
- Outcome
- limonenee0
- Value
- 3.30-7.20%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“limonene (3.30-7.20%)”
e1“varied significantly among the cultivars”
e2“Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fennel essential oil yield and composition differed by cultivar.
- Taxon
- FennelAnethum foeniculume1
- Material
- cultivare0
- Outcome
- Essential oil yield and compositione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Essential oil yield and composition were affected by cultivar”
e1“Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen rate did not affect fennel essential oil yield and composition.
- Taxon
- FennelAnethum foeniculume1
- Treatment
- nitrogen ratee0
- Outcome
- Essential oil yield and compositione0
- Direction
- note0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Essential oil yield and composition were affected by cultivar, but not by nitrogen rate.”
e1“Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The sweet Greek cultivar had higher essential oil yield.
- Taxon
- FennelAnethum foeniculume1
- Material
- sweet cultivar from Greecee0
- Outcome
- essential oile0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The sweet cultivar from Greece yielded higher amounts of essential oil”
e1“Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The Turkish cultivar had more anethole than the bitter Bulgarian cultivar.
- Taxon
- FennelAnethum foeniculume1
- Material
- cultivar from Turkeye0
- Outcome
- anetholee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- bitter cultivar from Bulgariae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the cultivar from Turkey had higher amounts of anethole than did the bitter cultivar from Bulgaria”
e1“Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The bitter Bulgarian cultivar had more L-fenchone than the Turkish cultivar.
- Taxon
- FennelAnethum foeniculume1
- Material
- bitter cultivar from Bulgariae0
- Outcome
- L-fenchonee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- cultivar from Turkeye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the cultivar from Turkey had higher amounts of anethole than did the bitter cultivar from Bulgaria, though L-fenchone was higher in the latter.”
e1“Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors advise against additional nitrogen where soil nitrogen is sufficient for fennel essential oil production.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculume0
- Outcome
- additional nitrogen will not be needede0
- Qualifier
- If soil nitrogen levels are sufficiente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“If soil nitrogen levels are sufficient additional nitrogen will not be needed in the cultivation of fennel for production of essential oils.”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · quality: oil · Anethum foeniculum (fennel)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.