Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a major disease in the north central region of the United States. One approach to managing Sclerotinia stem rot on soybean is the use of fungicides. S. sclerotiorum was assayed for sensitivity to benomyl, tebuconazole, thiophanate methyl, and vinclozolin in pure cultures on agar medium, inoculated soybean seedlings, detached inoculated leaves, and in experimental field plots. To evaluate the inhibitory effect of four fungicides on growth of S. sclerotiorum in vitro, potato dextrose agar (PDA) was amended with the fungicides at six concentrations. Based on measurements of fungal radial growth, vinclozolin was the most effective in inhibiting S. sclerotiorum mycelial growth at 1.0 μg a.i./ml of PDA. Ranges of reduction of radial growth of 91 isolates of S. sclerotiorum on PDA amended with thiophanate methyl and vinclozolin were 18 to 93% and 93 to 99%, respectively, when compared with the nonamended agar control. Benomyl, thiophanate methyl, and vinclozolin applied to greenhouse-grown seedlings prevented S. sclerotiorum from expressing symptoms or signs on leaf tissue. Detached leaves sprayed with thiophanate methyl and then inoculated with mycelial plugs of S. sclerotiorum did not express symptoms or signs. Of 13 different environments in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Wisconsin from 1995 through 2000, six had low Sclerotinia stem rot incidence (<1%), three environments had low to moderate Sclerotinia stem rot incidence (5 to 25%), and four environments had high Sclerotinia stem rot incidence (>25%). When disease incidence was high, no consistent control of Sclerotinia stem rot was observed with benomyl or thiophanate methyl using different application systems. However, under low disease incidence, spray systems that were able to penetrate the canopy reduced the incidence of Sclerotinia stem rot an average of 50%.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Vinclozolin was most effective against fungal radial growth at the stated concentration.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- vinclozoline0
- Interactor
- S. sclerotiorum
Sclerotinia sclerotiorume0pathogen - Outcome
- S. sclerotiorum mycelial growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitinge0
- Value
- 1.0 μg a.i./mle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vinclozolin was the most effective in inhibiting S. sclerotiorum mycelial growth at 1.0 μg a.i./ml of PDA”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiophanate methyl reduced radial growth of 91 isolates by 18 to 93% against plain agar.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- thiophanate methyle0
- Interactor
- S. sclerotiorumSclerotinia sclerotiorume0pathogen
- Outcome
- radial growth of 91 isolates of S. sclerotiorume0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 18 to 93%e0
- Comparator
- nonamended agar controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ranges of reduction of radial growth of 91 isolates of S. sclerotiorum on PDA amended with thiophanate methyl and vinclozolin were 18 to 93% and 93 to 99%, respectively, when compared with the nonamended agar control”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Vinclozolin reduced radial growth of 91 isolates by 93 to 99% against plain agar.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- vinclozoline0
- Interactor
- S. sclerotiorumSclerotinia sclerotiorume0pathogen
- Outcome
- radial growth of 91 isolates of S. sclerotiorume0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 93 to 99%e0
- Comparator
- nonamended agar controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ranges of reduction of radial growth of 91 isolates of S. sclerotiorum on PDA amended with thiophanate methyl and vinclozolin were 18 to 93% and 93 to 99%, respectively, when compared with the nonamended agar control”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Benomyl prevented symptoms or signs on greenhouse soybean seedlings.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Benomyle0
- Interactor
- S. sclerotiorumSclerotinia sclerotiorume0pathogen
- Outcome
- symptoms or signs on leaf tissuee0
- Direction
- preventede0
- Setting
- greenhouse-growne0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Benomyl, thiophanate methyl, and vinclozolin applied to greenhouse-grown seedlings prevented S. sclerotiorum from expressing symptoms or signs on leaf tissue”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiophanate methyl prevented symptoms or signs on greenhouse soybean seedlings.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- thiophanate methyle0
- Interactor
- S. sclerotiorumSclerotinia sclerotiorume0pathogen
- Outcome
- symptoms or signs on leaf tissuee0
- Direction
- preventede0
- Setting
- greenhouse-growne0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Benomyl, thiophanate methyl, and vinclozolin applied to greenhouse-grown seedlings prevented S. sclerotiorum from expressing symptoms or signs on leaf tissue”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Vinclozolin prevented symptoms or signs on greenhouse soybean seedlings.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- vinclozoline0
- Interactor
- S. sclerotiorumSclerotinia sclerotiorume0pathogen
- Outcome
- symptoms or signs on leaf tissuee0
- Direction
- preventede0
- Setting
- greenhouse-growne0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Benomyl, thiophanate methyl, and vinclozolin applied to greenhouse-grown seedlings prevented S. sclerotiorum from expressing symptoms or signs on leaf tissue”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Detached leaves sprayed with thiophanate methyl did not show symptoms or signs after inoculation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- Detached leavese0
- Treatment
- thiophanate methyle0
- Interactor
- S. sclerotiorumSclerotinia sclerotiorume0pathogen
- Outcome
- symptoms or signse0
- Direction
- did not expresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Detached leaves sprayed with thiophanate methyl and then inoculated with mycelial plugs of S. sclerotiorum did not express symptoms or signs”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Of 13 environments, six had less than 1% stem-rot incidence.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- Sclerotinia stem rot incidencee0
- Value
- <1%e0
- Qualifier
- sixe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six had low Sclerotinia stem rot incidence (<1%)”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Three environments had 5 to 25% stem-rot incidence.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- Sclerotinia stem rot incidencee0
- Value
- 5 to 25%e0
- Qualifier
- three environmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three environments had low to moderate Sclerotinia stem rot incidence (5 to 25%)”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Four environments had more than 25% stem-rot incidence.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- Sclerotinia stem rot incidencee0
- Value
- >25%e0
- Qualifier
- four environmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“four environments had high Sclerotinia stem rot incidence (>25%)”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Benomyl provided no consistent stem-rot control under high disease incidence.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- benomyle0
- Outcome
- control of Sclerotinia stem rote0
- Direction
- no consistente0
- Qualifier
- disease incidence was highe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When disease incidence was high, no consistent control of Sclerotinia stem rot was observed with benomyl or thiophanate methyl using different application systems”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiophanate methyl provided no consistent stem-rot control under high disease incidence.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- thiophanate methyle0
- Outcome
- control of Sclerotinia stem rote0
- Direction
- no consistente0
- Qualifier
- disease incidence was highe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When disease incidence was high, no consistent control of Sclerotinia stem rot was observed with benomyl or thiophanate methyl using different application systems”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Canopy-penetrating spray systems reduced stem-rot incidence by an average of 50% under low disease incidence.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- spray systems that were able to penetrate the canopye0
- Outcome
- incidence of Sclerotinia stem rote0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50%e0
- Qualifier
- low disease incidencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under low disease incidence, spray systems that were able to penetrate the canopy reduced the incidence of Sclerotinia stem rot an average of 50%”
t0“soybean”
The same questions in other papers
thiophanate-methyl · disease · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
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benomyl · disease · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
4 in the opposite direction
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See all 5 papers →thiophanate-methyl · Sclerotinia sclerotiorum · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
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application · disease · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
45 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
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See all 54 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.