Abstract
Abstract A large root system plays a decisive role in potassium (K)‐acquisition efficiency of cotton. Coronatine (COR), a non‐host‐specific phytotoxin, may affect the auxin level in plants and might therefore be useful in regulating lateral‐root (LR) development. Our objectives were (1) to examine the effects of COR on root development, especially the LR formation in hydroponically grown cotton seedlings, and (2) to explore possible mechanisms involved. The results showed that K deficiency (0.05 mM) significantly reduced LR formation in cotton seedlings, possibly due to the decrease of endogenous indole acetic acid (IAA) in roots by more than half. Following the application of 10 nM COR, the LRs significantly increased by 26% in K‐sufficient (0.5 mM) solution and by 95% in K‐deficient solution. Although COR did not increase the free IAA level in the primary root, the polar auxin‐transport inhibitor N‐1‐naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) decreased its stimulating effects on LR formation by 25%–30%, suggesting that the COR‐induced LR formation was independent of increased auxin level but likely associated with auxin transport. Treatment of plants with 1‐naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) increased LR formation at NAA concentrations of 100 nM, but had no effect at 10 nM. In the presence of 1 nM COR, however, NAA increased LR formation at 10 nM concentrations. This indicates that LR formation due to COR possibly involves changes in auxin sensitivity. In addition, the shorter LRs of COR‐treated seedlings were clearly restored when COR was removed from solutions for 12 d, and the total root length, total root surface area as well as K uptake increased significantly, suggesting that COR may be potentially useful for enhancing the K‐acquisition efficiency of cotton seedlings.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium deficiency significantly reduced lateral root formation in cotton seedlings.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- K deficiency (0.05 mM)e0
- Outcome
- LR formatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K deficiency (0.05 mM) significantly reduced LR formation in cotton seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium deficiency decreased root endogenous IAA by more than half.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- K deficiency (0.05 mM)e1
- Outcome
- endogenous indole acetic acid (IAA) in rootse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- more than halfe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the decrease of endogenous indole acetic acid (IAA) in roots by more than half”
e1“K deficiency (0.05 mM)”
t0“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Coronatine increased lateral roots 26% in K sufficient solution.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 10 nM CORe0
- Outcome
- LRse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 26%e0
- Qualifier
- K‐sufficient (0.5 mM) solutione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Following the application of 10 nM COR, the LRs significantly increased by 26% in K‐sufficient (0.5 mM) solution”
t0“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Coronatine increased lateral roots 95% in K deficient solution.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 10 nM CORe0
- Outcome
- LRse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 95%e0
- Qualifier
- K‐deficient solutione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Following the application of 10 nM COR, the LRs significantly increased by 26% in K‐sufficient (0.5 mM) solution and by 95% in K‐deficient solution”
t0“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
COR did not increase free IAA in primary roots.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- CORe0
- Outcome
- free IAA level in the primary roote0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“COR did not increase the free IAA level in the primary root”
t0“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
NPA reduced the COR stimulation of lateral root formation 25%–30%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- N‐1‐naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA)e0
- Outcome
- stimulating effects on LR formatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 25%–30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N‐1‐naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) decreased its stimulating effects on LR formation by 25%–30%”
t0“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
NAA at 100 nM increased lateral root formation.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- NAA concentrations of 100 nMe0
- Outcome
- LR formatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment of plants with 1‐naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) increased LR formation at NAA concentrations of 100 nM”
t0“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
NAA at 10 nM had no effect on lateral root formation.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 10 nMe0
- Outcome
- LR formatione1
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but had no effect at 10 nM”
e1“increased LR formation at NAA concentrations of 100 nM”
t0“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
With 1 nM COR, 10 nM NAA increased lateral root formation.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- NAAe0
- Outcome
- LR formatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- In the presence of 1 nM CORe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the presence of 1 nM COR, however, NAA increased LR formation at 10 nM concentrations”
t0“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Removal of COR for 12 days restored shortened lateral roots.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- COR was removed from solutions for 12 de0
- Outcome
- shorter LRse0
- Direction
- restorede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the shorter LRs of COR‐treated seedlings were clearly restored when COR was removed from solutions for 12 d”
t0“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing COR significantly increased total root length, surface area and K uptake.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- COR was removed from solutions for 12 de1
- Outcome
- total root length, total root surface area as well as K uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total root length, total root surface area as well as K uptake increased significantly”
e1“COR was removed from solutions for 12 d”
t0“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
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This paper is about lacking the nutrient, so it counts the other way round here.
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This paper is about lacking the nutrient, so it counts the other way round here.
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