Abstract
Abstract There are thousands of adjuvants on the market, yet little is known about their effects on the activity of insecticides on plant surfaces. The effects of 11 selected adjuvants on the rainfastness and retention of bifenthrin ([1α,3α‐(Z)‐(±)‐(2 methyl[1,1′‐biphenyl]‐3‐yl) methyl 3‐(2‐chloro‐3,3,3‐trifluoro‐1‐propenyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate) on cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaves were investigated. In addition, the effect of the adjuvant Bond on the efficacy of bifenthrin and a Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) formulation was determined. Bifenthrin mixed with each adjuvant was applied to greenhouse grown cotton plants using a spray chamber. Simulated rainfall of 13 mm was then applied to treated cotton plants at 0.25, 1, and 4 h after treatment. Bond and Agrimax‐3 were the only adjuvants to significantly increase the rainfastness of bifenthrin on cotton leaves. Agri‐Dex, Soy‐Dex, and Dyne‐Amic significantly decreased the rainfastness of bifenthrin. In tests conducted with an immersion cell apparatus, Orchex 796 resulted in twice the retention of Agri‐Dex, the next highest retained adjuvant. Both petroleum and vegetable oils enhanced retention of bifenthrin on the leaf surface. Bond mixed with bifenthrin and a B. thuringiensis formulation did not reduce the activity of these insecticides against tobacco budworm ( Heliothis virescens ) and soybean looper ( Pseudoplusia includens ) larvae. Retention on the leaf may be related to spread and to the degree of binding of the insecticide to the surface by properties of the adjuvant. Yet, the properties of Agri‐Dex that enhanced the retention of bifenthrin to the cotton leaf decreased its rainfastness.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Bond increased bifenthrin rainfastness.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- Bonde0
- Outcome
- rainfastness of bifenthrine0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bond and Agrimax‐3 were the only adjuvants to significantly increase the rainfastness of bifenthrin on cotton leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Agrimax-3 increased bifenthrin rainfastness.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Agrimax‐3e0
- Outcome
- rainfastness of bifenthrine0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bond and Agrimax‐3 were the only adjuvants to significantly increase the rainfastness of bifenthrin on cotton leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Agri-Dex decreased rainfastness.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Agri‐Dex, Soy‐Dex, and Dyne‐Amic significantly decreased the rainfastness of bifenthrin”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Soy-Dex decreased rainfastness.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Agri‐Dex, Soy‐Dex, and Dyne‐Amic significantly decreased the rainfastness of bifenthrin”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Dyne-Amic decreased rainfastness.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Agri‐Dex, Soy‐Dex, and Dyne‐Amic significantly decreased the rainfastness of bifenthrin”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Orchex 796 had twice Agri-Dex retention.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Orchex 796 resulted in twice the retention of Agri‐Dex, the next highest retained adjuvant”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Petroleum oils enhanced bifenthrin retention.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Both petroleum and vegetable oils enhanced retention of bifenthrin on the leaf surface”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Vegetable oils enhanced bifenthrin retention.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Both petroleum and vegetable oils enhanced retention of bifenthrin on the leaf surface”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Bond did not reduce bifenthrin and Bt activity against tobacco budworm.
- Treatment
- Bond mixed with bifenthrin and a B. thuringiensis formulatione0
- Interactor
- tobacco budworme0pest
- Outcome
- activity of these insecticides against tobacco budworme0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Bond mixed with bifenthrin and a B. thuringiensis formulation did not reduce the activity of these insecticides against tobacco budworm ( Heliothis virescens ) and soybean looper ( Pseudoplusia includens ) larvae”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Bond did not reduce bifenthrin and Bt activity against soybean looper.
- Treatment
- Bond mixed with bifenthrin and a B. thuringiensis formulatione0
- Interactor
- soybean looper
Chrysodeixis includense0pest - Outcome
- activity of these insecticidese0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bond mixed with bifenthrin and a B. thuringiensis formulation did not reduce the activity of these insecticides against tobacco budworm ( Heliothis virescens ) and soybean looper ( Pseudoplusia includens ) larvae”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Agri-Dex increased retention but decreased rainfastness.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Agri‐Dexe0
- Outcome
- retention of bifenthrin to the cotton leafe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the properties of Agri‐Dex that enhanced the retention of bifenthrin to the cotton leaf decreased its rainfastness”
The same questions in other papers
Bacillus thuringiensis · molecular: metabolites · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.