Abstract
Over a period of 3 years, five agronomically distinct crops of winter wheat were grown in plots in which straw (1 kg m −2 ), manure (4 kg m −2 ) or nothing were incorporated into the soil. Plant establishment and height, but not leaf area per tiller, were lower in straw‐treated plots. Fertilizer regimes differed between years. Soil and leaf nitrogen were recorded; there was no obvious link between N and any disease or soil amendment. The numbers of leaf layers scorable for disease were similar in all treatments. At the end of the season, plants from straw‐treated plots had consistently reduced septoria tritici blotch (caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola ), powdery mildew [caused by Erysiphe ( Blumeria ) graminis ], brown rust (caused by Puccinia recondita ) and foot rot (caused by Fusarium spp.). Early on, M. graminicola was worse in straw‐treated plots. In manure‐treated plots, P. recondita was reduced but effects on other diseases were inconsistent and slight. A fungicide, chlorothalonil, was applied in one crop; its effects did not interact with those of other treatments. Mycosphaerella graminicola was not suppressed by straw in outdoor pot experiments. Late in the season, straw‐treated plants had significantly higher leaf silica ( P < 0·01). In a glasshouse experiment, plants supplied with silicon had less E. graminis infection ( P < 0·001) and higher leaf silica, but effects on M. graminicola were inconsistent. A prior inoculation of M. graminicola primed plant defences against a subsequent attack of E. graminis , but only in the presence of adequate Si. It is postulated that straw acts in the field by increasing Si availability.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Straw lowered winter wheat establishment and height.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- straw‐treated plotse0
- Outcome
- Plant establishment and heighte0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant establishment and height, but not leaf area per tiller, were lower in straw‐treated plots.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw did not lower leaf area per tiller.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- straw‐treated plotse0
- Outcome
- leaf area per tillere0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant establishment and height, but not leaf area per tiller, were lower in straw‐treated plots.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
No obvious link was found between nitrogen and disease or soil amendment.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- Ne0
- Outcome
- any diseasee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no obvious link between N and any disease or soil amendment.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Numbers of leaf layers scorable for disease were similar across treatments.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- numbers of leaf layers scorable for diseasee0
- Direction
- similare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The numbers of leaf layers scorable for disease were similar in all treatments.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw reduced septoria tritici blotch at season end.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- straw‐treated plotse0
- Interactor
- Mycosphaerella graminicola
Zymoseptoria triticie0pathogen - Outcome
- septoria tritici blotche0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- At the end of the seasone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the end of the season, plants from straw‐treated plots had consistently reduced septoria tritici blotch (caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola ), powdery mildew [caused by Erysiphe ( Blumeria ) graminis ], brown rust (caused by Puccinia recondita ) and foot rot (caused by Fusarium spp.).”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw reduced powdery mildew at season end.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- straw‐treated plotse0
- Outcome
- powdery mildewe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- At the end of the seasone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the end of the season, plants from straw‐treated plots had consistently reduced septoria tritici blotch (caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola ), powdery mildew [caused by Erysiphe ( Blumeria ) graminis ], brown rust (caused by Puccinia recondita ) and foot rot (caused by Fusarium spp.).”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw reduced brown rust at season end.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- straw‐treated plotse0
- Interactor
- Puccinia recondita
.jpeg?width=60)
Puccinia reconditae0pathogen - Outcome
- brown ruste0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- At the end of the seasone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpeg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“At the end of the season, plants from straw‐treated plots had consistently reduced septoria tritici blotch (caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola ), powdery mildew [caused by Erysiphe ( Blumeria ) graminis ], brown rust (caused by Puccinia recondita ) and foot rot (caused by Fusarium spp.).”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw reduced foot rot at season end.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- straw‐treated plotse0
- Outcome
- foot rote0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- At the end of the seasone0
FusariumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the end of the season, plants from straw‐treated plots had consistently reduced septoria tritici blotch (caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola ), powdery mildew [caused by Erysiphe ( Blumeria ) graminis ], brown rust (caused by Puccinia recondita ) and foot rot (caused by Fusarium spp.).”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Early Mycosphaerella graminicola disease was worse in straw-treated plots.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- straw‐treated plotse0
- Interactor
- M. graminicolaZymoseptoria triticie0pathogen
- Outcome
- M. graminicolae0
- Direction
- worsee0
- Qualifier
- Early one0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early on, M. graminicola was worse in straw‐treated plots.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure reduced brown rust.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- manure‐treated plotse0
- Interactor
- P. reconditaPuccinia reconditae0pathogen
- Outcome
- P. reconditae0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In manure‐treated plots, P. recondita was reduced but effects on other diseases were inconsistent and slight.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure effects on other diseases were inconsistent and slight.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- manure‐treated plotse0
- Outcome
- effects on other diseasese0
- Qualifier
- inconsistent and slighte0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In manure‐treated plots, P. recondita was reduced but effects on other diseases were inconsistent and slight.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorothalonil effects did not interact with the other treatments.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chlorothalonile0
- Outcome
- its effectse0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A fungicide, chlorothalonil, was applied in one crop; its effects did not interact with those of other treatments.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw did not suppress Mycosphaerella graminicola in outdoor pot experiments.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- strawe0
- Interactor
- Mycosphaerella graminicolaZymoseptoria triticie0pathogen
- Outcome
- Mycosphaerella graminicolae0
- Direction
- not suppressede0
- Setting
- outdoor pot experimentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycosphaerella graminicola was not suppressed by straw in outdoor pot experiments.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw-treated plants had higher leaf silica late in the season.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- straw‐treatede0
- Outcome
- leaf silicae0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- Late in the seasone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Late in the season, straw‐treated plants had significantly higher leaf silica ( P < 0·01).”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon supply lowered Erysiphe graminis infection in a glasshouse.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- supplied with silicone0
- Interactor
- E. graminis
Blumeria graminise0pathogen - Outcome
- E. graminis infectione0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Setting
- glasshouse experimente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a glasshouse experiment, plants supplied with silicon had less E. graminis infection ( P < 0·001) and higher leaf silica, but effects on M. graminicola were inconsistent.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon supply raised leaf silica in a glasshouse.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- supplied with silicone0
- Outcome
- leaf silicae0
- Direction
- highere0
- Setting
- glasshouse experimente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a glasshouse experiment, plants supplied with silicon had less E. graminis infection ( P < 0·001) and higher leaf silica, but effects on M. graminicola were inconsistent.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon effects on Mycosphaerella graminicola were inconsistent.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- supplied with silicone0
- Interactor
- M. graminicolaZymoseptoria triticie0pathogen
- Outcome
- M. graminicolae0
- Setting
- glasshouse experimente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a glasshouse experiment, plants supplied with silicon had less E. graminis infection ( P < 0·001) and higher leaf silica, but effects on M. graminicola were inconsistent.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Prior M. graminicola inoculation primed wheat defences against E. graminis only with adequate silicon.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- prior inoculation of M. graminicolae0
- Interactor
- E. graminisBlumeria graminise0pathogen
- Second interactor
- M. graminicolaZymoseptoria triticie0pathogen
- Outcome
- plant defences against a subsequent attack of E. graminise0
- Direction
- primede0
- Qualifier
- only in the presence of adequate Sie0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A prior inoculation of M. graminicola primed plant defences against a subsequent attack of E. graminis , but only in the presence of adequate Si.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors postulated that straw acts in the field by increasing silicon availability.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- strawe0
- Outcome
- Si availabilitye0
- Qualifier
- increasing Si availabilitye0
- Setting
- the fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It is postulated that straw acts in the field by increasing Si availability.”
t0“winter wheat”
The same questions in other papers
silicon atom · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
31 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- no effect
30 papers more in this group
See all 34 papers →silicon atom · Blumeria graminis · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
fertilization · Puccinia recondita · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
inoculation · Blumeria graminis · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.