Abstract
Three field experiments were conducted from 2005 to 2007 to determine the effects of seed-soaking in Cu EDTA liquid, autumn versus spring application of granular Cu sulphate, and granular Cu-treated monoammonium phosphate (MAP) fertilizer on seed yield and Cu uptake of wheat, and residual nitrate-N in the soil profile on a Cu-deficient Dark Gray Luvisol (Boralf) sandy loam near Porcupine Plain, Saskatchewan, Canada. In exp. 1, seed soaked in Cu EDTA liquid at 0.04 to 0.16 kg Cu ha -1 increased seed yield substantially, in spite of a significant reduction in plant emergence in most cases. But, seed yield increases from the seed soaked in Cu EDTA liquid were lower compared with foliar-applied Cu EDTA liquid at 0.50 to 1.00 kg Cu ha -1 , or compared with surface spray-broadcast and incorporation of Cu EDTA liquid into soil in spring prior to seeding at 4.0 kg Cu ha -1 . Seed yield trend was two foliar applications of Cu EDTA liquid > soil surface spray-broadcast and incorporated Cu EDTA liquid > one foliar application of Cu EDTA liquid > seed-soaked Cu EDTA liquid. In exp. 2, for granular Cu sulphate in the first year, only previous autumn application increased seed yield significantly when applied at 4.0 kg ha -1 . For spring application, seed yield was highest when solution Cu EDTA at 4.0 kg ha -1 was spray-broadcast on the soil surface and incorporated into soil prior to seeding. In exp. 3, application of granular Cu-treated MAP fertilizer had no significant effect on seed yield. The Cu uptake by seed usually followed`the same trends as seed yield. In all experiments, the partial factor productivity (seed yield per unit of nutrient applied) was much higher when N was applied in combination with Cu (15.3 to 29.8 kg seed kg -1 applied N ha -1 ) compared with N alone (5.7 to 7.7 kg seed kg -1 applied N ha -1 ). In exp. 1, the amounts of residual nitrate-N in the 0-90 cm soil profile after three annual N fertilizer applications were 3.3 to 4.0 times higher in the zero-Cu control than in the Cu fertilizer treatments. Overall, seed yields of wheat were highest with two foliar applications of Cu at low rates, or with soil spray/broadcast and incorporation of solution Cu in spring at a relatively high rate, which is also expected to have long-term residual effects on crop yield. For granular Cu sulphate, the results indicated that deficiency of Cu in wheat can be corrected by surface-broadcast application at a relatively high rate in the previous autumn, followed by its incorporation into soil in the spring at seeding. The results also indicate that by soaking wheat seed in Cu EDTA solution at a very low rate, Cu deficiency in wheat can be prevented and seed yield increased, but less than the other Cu treatments. Accumulation and downward movement of residual nitrate-N in the soil profile can be minimized by preventing Cu deficiency in wheat crop with combined application of Cu and N fertilizers. Key words: Application time, Cu source, foliar application, granular Cu, growth stage, placement method, rate of Cu, seed-soaked Cu, soil incorporation, solution Cu
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Seed soaking in Cu EDTA increased wheat seed yield.
- Treatment
- seed soaked in Cu EDTA liquid at 0.04 to 0.16 kg Cu ha -1e0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“seed soaked in Cu EDTA liquid at 0.04 to 0.16 kg Cu ha -1 increased seed yield substantially”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed soaking significantly reduced plant emergence in most cases.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“in spite of a significant reduction in plant emergence in most cases.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed-soaked Cu EDTA produced smaller yield gains than foliar Cu EDTA.
- Treatment
- seed soaked in Cu EDTA liquide0
- Outcome
- seed yield increasese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- foliar-applied Cu EDTA liquid at 0.50 to 1.00 kg Cu ha -1e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“seed yield increases from the seed soaked in Cu EDTA liquid were lower compared with foliar-applied Cu EDTA liquid at 0.50 to 1.00 kg Cu ha -1”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed-soaked Cu EDTA produced smaller yield gains than spring soil-applied Cu EDTA.
- Treatment
- seed soaked in Cu EDTA liquide0
- Outcome
- seed yield increasese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- surface spray-broadcast and incorporation of Cu EDTA liquid into soil in spring prior to seeding at 4.0 kg Cu ha -1e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“seed yield increases from the seed soaked in Cu EDTA liquid were lower compared with foliar-applied Cu EDTA liquid at 0.50 to 1.00 kg Cu ha -1 , or compared with surface spray-broadcast and incorporation of Cu EDTA liquid into soil in spring prior to seeding at 4.0 kg Cu ha -1”
Claim · model-written summary
Only previous-autumn granular Cu sulphate at 4.0 kg per hectare significantly increased first-year yield.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“only previous autumn application increased seed yield significantly when applied at 4.0 kg ha -1”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring soil spray-broadcast Cu EDTA produced the highest yield among spring applications.
- Treatment
- solution Cu EDTA at 4.0 kg ha -1 was spray-broadcast on the soil surface and incorporated into soil prior to seedinge0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“seed yield was highest when solution Cu EDTA at 4.0 kg ha -1 was spray-broadcast on the soil surface and incorporated into soil prior to seeding.”
Claim · model-written summary
Granular Cu-treated MAP fertilizer had no significant effect on wheat seed yield.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“application of granular Cu-treated MAP fertilizer had no significant effect on seed yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper uptake by seed generally followed seed yield trends.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The Cu uptake by seed usually followed`the same trends as seed yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Partial factor productivity was higher with combined N and Cu than N alone.
- Treatment
- N was applied in combination with Cue0
- Outcome
- partial factor productivitye0
- Direction
- much highere0
- Value
- 15.3 to 29.8 kg seed kg -1 applied N ha -1e0
- Qualifier
- 5.7 to 7.7 kg seed kg -1 applied N ha -1e0
- Comparator
- N alonee0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“partial factor productivity (seed yield per unit of nutrient applied) was much higher when N was applied in combination with Cu (15.3 to 29.8 kg seed kg -1 applied N ha -1 ) compared with N alone (5.7 to 7.7 kg seed kg -1 applied N ha -1 ).”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual soil nitrate was 3.3 to 4 times higher without Cu than under Cu fertilization.
- Treatment
- zero-Cu controle0
- Outcome
- residual nitrate-Ne0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 3.3 to 4.0 timese0
- Comparator
- Cu fertilizer treatmentse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“residual nitrate-N in the 0-90 cm soil profile after three annual N fertilizer applications were 3.3 to 4.0 times higher in the zero-Cu control than in the Cu fertilizer treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend previous-autumn surface-broadcast granular Cu sulphate with spring incorporation to correct Cu deficiency.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Outcome
- deficiency of Cu in wheat can be correctede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deficiency of Cu in wheat can be corrected by surface-broadcast application at a relatively high rate in the previous autumn, followed by its incorporation into soil in the spring at seeding.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that low-rate Cu EDTA seed soaking can prevent Cu deficiency and increase yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- Cu deficiency in wheat can be prevented and seed yield increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by soaking wheat seed in Cu EDTA solution at a very low rate, Cu deficiency in wheat can be prevented and seed yield increased”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that combined Cu and N fertilization can minimize residual nitrate accumulation and downward movement.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- Accumulation and downward movement of residual nitrate-N in the soil profile can be minimizede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Accumulation and downward movement of residual nitrate-N in the soil profile can be minimized by preventing Cu deficiency in wheat crop with combined application of Cu and N fertilizers.”
The same questions in other papers
copper atom · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
62 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
71 papers more in this group
See all 75 papers →ammonium dihydrogen phosphate · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →application · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
794 papers in the same direction as this paper · 75 in the opposite direction · 7 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- no effect
873 papers more in this group
See all 877 papers →fertilization · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
322 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3,115 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
3,434 papers more in this group
See all 3,438 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.