Abstract
Abstract The duration of the residual effects of crop rotations on the fertility and physical condition of montmorillonitic clay soil is not well established. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the residual effects of three crop rotations on water intake, soil loss, soil organic matter, and crop yield during five growing seasons of continuous grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grown on Houston Black clay soil. Water intake and soil loss were evaluated in the laboratory by the application of water drops at the rate of 10.2 cm/hour from a height of 1 m to the surface of undisturbed soil cores. Oats ( Avena sativa L.)‐grain sorghum and fescuegrass ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)‐grain sorghum rotations significantly (5% level) increased water intake and reduced soil loss for 20 months after the rotations were discontinued. The sweetclover ( Melilotus alba Desr.)‐grain sorghum rotation had no effect on soil loss but had a significant (5% level) residual effect on water intake for 8 months after rotations were discontinued. Grain sorghum rotations with either fescuegrass or sweetclover caused significantly more (5% level) water stable aggregates. However, one growing season of grain sorghum following sweetclover reduced aggregation to near that of soil in continuous grain sorghum. There was no significant change in aggregation in fescuegrass rotation plots after 20 months. Most of the organic matter accumulated in 10 growing seasons of a sweetclover‐grain sorghum rotation was lost after 5 growing seasons of continuous grain sorghum. Soil organic matter in former grain sorghum rotations with fescuegrass or oats showed no significant change after 5 years of continuous forage sorghum. Grain sorghum yield was significantly greater (5% level) for four growing seasons on the former sweetclover‐grain sorghum plots than on the continuous grain sorghum plots. Nitrogen fertilizer had a significant (5% level) residual effect on continuous grain sorghum yield for 2 years. The residual effects of previous crop rotations can significantly affect (5% level) water intake and soil loss for 20 months and crop yield for 1 to 4 years after rotations are discontinued. Growing sorghum continuously for 5 years reduced water intake significantly and caused a continuous slow decrease in soil organic matter.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Oats-grain sorghum rotation increased water intake for 20 months after rotations were discontinued.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolor
Sorghum bicolore0 - Treatment
- Oats ( Avena sativa L.)e1
- Outcome
- water intakee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- for 20 months after the rotations were discontinuede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grown on Houston Black clay soil”
e1“Oats ( Avena sativa L.)‐grain sorghum and fescuegrass ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)‐grain sorghum rotations significantly (5% level) increased water intake and reduced soil loss for 20 months after the rotations were discontinued”
Claim · model-written summary
Oats-grain sorghum rotation reduced soil loss for 20 months after rotations were discontinued.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- Oats ( Avena sativa L.)e1
- Outcome
- soil losse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- for 20 months after the rotations were discontinuede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grown on Houston Black clay soil”
e1“Oats ( Avena sativa L.)‐grain sorghum and fescuegrass ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)‐grain sorghum rotations significantly (5% level) increased water intake and reduced soil loss for 20 months after the rotations were discontinued”
Claim · model-written summary
Fescuegrass-grain sorghum rotation increased water intake for 20 months after rotations were discontinued.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- fescuegrass ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)e1
- Outcome
- water intakee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- for 20 months after the rotations were discontinuede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grown on Houston Black clay soil”
e1“Oats ( Avena sativa L.)‐grain sorghum and fescuegrass ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)‐grain sorghum rotations significantly (5% level) increased water intake and reduced soil loss for 20 months after the rotations were discontinued”
Claim · model-written summary
Fescuegrass-grain sorghum rotation reduced soil loss for 20 months after rotations were discontinued.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- fescuegrass ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)e1
- Outcome
- soil losse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- for 20 months after the rotations were discontinuede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grown on Houston Black clay soil”
e1“Oats ( Avena sativa L.)‐grain sorghum and fescuegrass ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)‐grain sorghum rotations significantly (5% level) increased water intake and reduced soil loss for 20 months after the rotations were discontinued”
Claim · model-written summary
Sweetclover-grain sorghum rotation had no effect on soil loss.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- sweetclover ( Melilotus alba Desr.)e2
- Outcome
- soil losse2
- Direction
- had no effecte2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grown on Houston Black clay soil”
e2“The sweetclover ( Melilotus alba Desr.)‐grain sorghum rotation had no effect on soil loss but had a significant (5% level) residual effect on water intake for 8 months after rotations were discontinued”
Claim · model-written summary
Sweetclover-grain sorghum rotation had a significant residual effect on water intake for 8 months after rotations were discontinued.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- sweetclover ( Melilotus alba Desr.)e2
- Outcome
- water intakee2
- Qualifier
- for 8 months after rotations were discontinuede2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grown on Houston Black clay soil”
e2“The sweetclover ( Melilotus alba Desr.)‐grain sorghum rotation had no effect on soil loss but had a significant (5% level) residual effect on water intake for 8 months after rotations were discontinued”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain sorghum rotations with fescuegrass or sweetclover caused significantly more water stable aggregates.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- rotations with either fescuegrass or sweetclovere3
- Outcome
- water stable aggregatese3
- Direction
- moree3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grown on Houston Black clay soil”
e3“Grain sorghum rotations with either fescuegrass or sweetclover caused significantly more (5% level) water stable aggregates”
Claim · model-written summary
One growing season of grain sorghum following sweetclover reduced aggregation to near that of continuous grain sorghum.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- one growing season of grain sorghum following sweetclovere4
- Outcome
- aggregatione4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Comparator
- continuous grain sorghume4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grown on Houston Black clay soil”
e4“one growing season of grain sorghum following sweetclover reduced aggregation to near that of soil in continuous grain sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Fescuegrass rotation caused no significant change in aggregation after 20 months.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- fescuegrass rotation plotse5
- Outcome
- aggregatione5
- Direction
- no significant changee5
- Qualifier
- after 20 monthse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grown on Houston Black clay soil”
e5“There was no significant change in aggregation in fescuegrass rotation plots after 20 months”
Claim · model-written summary
Most organic matter accumulated under sweetclover-grain sorghum rotation was lost after 5 seasons of continuous grain sorghum.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- 5 growing seasons of continuous grain sorghume6
- Outcome
- organic mattere6
- Direction
- was loste6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grown on Houston Black clay soil”
e6“Most of the organic matter accumulated in 10 growing seasons of a sweetclover‐grain sorghum rotation was lost after 5 growing seasons of continuous grain sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic matter in former rotations with fescuegrass or oats showed no significant change after 5 years of continuous grain sorghum.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- continuous forage sorghume7
- Outcome
- Soil organic mattere7
- Direction
- no significant changee7
- Qualifier
- after 5 yearse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grown on Houston Black clay soil”
e7“Soil organic matter in former grain sorghum rotations with fescuegrass or oats showed no significant change after 5 years of continuous forage sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain sorghum yield was significantly greater for four seasons on former sweetclover plots than on continuous grain sorghum plots.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- former sweetclovere1
- Outcome
- Grain sorghum yielde1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Qualifier
- for four growing seasonse1
- Comparator
- continuous grain sorghum plotse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grown on Houston Black clay soil”
e1“Grain sorghum yield was significantly greater (5% level) for four growing seasons on the former sweetclover‐grain sorghum plots than on the continuous grain sorghum plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizer had a significant residual effect on continuous grain sorghum yield for 2 years.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilizere1
- Outcome
- continuous grain sorghum yielde1
- Qualifier
- for 2 yearse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grown on Houston Black clay soil”
e1“Nitrogen fertilizer had a significant (5% level) residual effect on continuous grain sorghum yield for 2 years”
Claim · model-written summary
Growing sorghum continuously for 5 years reduced water intake significantly.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- Growing sorghum continuously for 5 yearse1
- Outcome
- water intakee1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grown on Houston Black clay soil”
e1“Growing sorghum continuously for 5 years reduced water intake significantly and caused a continuous slow decrease in soil organic matter”
Claim · model-written summary
Growing sorghum continuously for 5 years caused a continuous slow decrease in soil organic matter.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- Growing sorghum continuously for 5 yearse1
- Outcome
- soil organic mattere1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Qualifier
- continuous slowe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grown on Houston Black clay soil”
e1“Growing sorghum continuously for 5 years reduced water intake significantly and caused a continuous slow decrease in soil organic matter”
The same questions in other papers
Sorghum · soil: chemistry · Sorghum bicolor (sorghum)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.