Abstract
ABSTRACT Weeds may be suppressed by winter cover crops and the use of organic herbicides such as vinegar. Black oat (Avena strigosa) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) winter cover crops were planted for 2 years as part of a sustainable production system for cotton in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, and were till-killed each spring prior to cotton planting. Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palme ri), common purslane (Portulaca oleracea), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) were frequently-encountered winter and spring weeds. Both cover crops controlled winter weeds as well as did winter tillage without cover. Black oats plots had 8% and 17% more total winter weed cover than no-cover and hairy vetch plots, respectively. Seven weeks after cotton planting, cotton cover was 10% to 15% less in former winter hairy vetch and no-cover sustainable plots than in former black oats plots, but cotton height did not vary by winter cover crop. Total spring weed, pigweed, and purslane cover did not vary between former hairy vetch, black oats, and no-cover plots. All sustainable plots had higher spring weed cover than did conventional plots maintained with cultivation and synthetic herbicides. Breakdowns in the sustainable spring weed management system (withholding of spring cultivation) or insect pest management system (failure of alfalfa strips) led to increases of 60% or more in weed cover in sustainable plots. Cotton lint yield (kg/ha) did not differ between sustainable and conventional weed management systems. When evaluated as a cover crop and weed management tool, vinegar containing 9% acid (1,550 L/ha) reduced live hairy vetch cover to less than 5% in one of two trials, but was not effective as a burndown herbicide on black oats. Vinegar at this concentration (2,980 L/ha) killed >80% of 30-day-old or younger cotton and sunflower and 10-day-old Palmer amaranth and purslane in field trials, but caused <50% mortality to mature Palmer amaranth and purslane. More dilute vinegar solutions (0.9% to 4.5% acid) caused little or no mortality. Black oats and hairy vetch covers controlled winter but not spring weeds in this production system. With more prolonged use, winter covers could become a key spring weed control component in sustainable cotton production. Vinegar could be useful in controlling young weed seedlings in non-crop areas, or as a follow-up to cultivation.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Both cover crops controlled winter weeds similarly to winter tillage without cover.
- Taxon
- Cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- Both cover cropse0
- Interactor
- winter weedse0weed
- Outcome
- winter weedse0
- Direction
- as well ase0
- Comparator
- winter tillage without covere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both cover crops controlled winter weeds as well as did winter tillage without cover.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Black oats plots had 8% more total winter weed cover than no-cover plots.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Black oatse0
- Interactor
- winter weede0weed
- Outcome
- total winter weed covere0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 8%e0
- Comparator
- no-covere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Black oats plots had 8% and 17% more total winter weed cover than no-cover and hairy vetch plots, respectively.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Black oats plots had 17% more total winter weed cover than hairy vetch plots.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Black oatse0
- Interactor
- winter weede0weed
- Outcome
- total winter weed covere0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 17%e0
- Comparator
- hairy vetche0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Black oats plots had 8% and 17% more total winter weed cover than no-cover and hairy vetch plots, respectively.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton cover seven weeks after planting was 10% to 15% less after hairy vetch than after black oats.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- former winter hairy vetche0
- Outcome
- cotton covere0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 10% to 15%e0
- Comparator
- former black oats plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seven weeks after cotton planting, cotton cover was 10% to 15% less in former winter hairy vetch and no-cover sustainable plots than in former black oats plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton cover seven weeks after planting was 10% to 15% less in no-cover plots than after black oats.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- no-cover sustainable plotse0
- Outcome
- cotton covere0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 10% to 15%e0
- Comparator
- former black oats plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seven weeks after cotton planting, cotton cover was 10% to 15% less in former winter hairy vetch and no-cover sustainable plots than in former black oats plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton height did not vary by winter cover crop.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- winter cover crope0
- Outcome
- cotton heighte0
- Direction
- did not varye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton height did not vary by winter cover crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Total spring weed, pigweed, and purslane cover did not vary among former cover treatments.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- former hairy vetch, black oats, and no-cover plotse0
- Interactor
- spring weede0weed
- Outcome
- Total spring weed, pigweed, and purslane covere0
- Direction
- did not varye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total spring weed, pigweed, and purslane cover did not vary between former hairy vetch, black oats, and no-cover plots.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Sustainable plots had higher spring weed cover than conventional plots.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- sustainable plotse0
- Interactor
- spring weede0weed
- Outcome
- spring weed covere0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- conventional plots maintained with cultivation and synthetic herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All sustainable plots had higher spring weed cover than did conventional plots maintained with cultivation and synthetic herbicides.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Withholding spring cultivation increased weed cover in sustainable plots by at least 60%.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- withholding of spring cultivatione0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed covere0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 60% or moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“withholding of spring cultivation) or insect pest management system (failure of alfalfa strips) led to increases of 60% or more in weed cover in sustainable plots”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Failure of alfalfa strips increased weed cover in sustainable plots by at least 60%.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- failure of alfalfa stripse0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed covere0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 60% or moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“failure of alfalfa strips) led to increases of 60% or more in weed cover in sustainable plots”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton lint yield did not differ between sustainable and conventional weed management.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- sustainablee0
- Outcome
- Cotton lint yielde0
- Direction
- did not differe0
- Comparator
- conventional weed management systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton lint yield (kg/ha) did not differ between sustainable and conventional weed management systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Vinegar reduced live hairy vetch cover below 5% in one of two trials.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- vinegar containing 9% acid (1,550 L/ha)e0
- Interactor
- hairy vetch
Vicia villosae0weed - Outcome
- live hairy vetch covere0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- less than 5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vinegar containing 9% acid (1,550 L/ha) reduced live hairy vetch cover to less than 5% in one of two trials”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Vinegar was ineffective as a burndown herbicide on black oats.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- vinegar containing 9% acid (1,550 L/ha)e1
- Interactor
- black oats
Avena strigosae0weed - Outcome
- not effective as a burndown herbicide on black oatse0
- Direction
- not effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was not effective as a burndown herbicide on black oats”
e1“vinegar containing 9% acid (1,550 L/ha)”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Concentrated vinegar killed more than 80% of young cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Organ / stage
- 30-day-old or youngere0
- Treatment
- Vinegar at this concentration (2,980 L/ha)e0
- Outcome
- killede0
- Direction
- killede0
- Value
- >80%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vinegar at this concentration (2,980 L/ha) killed >80% of 30-day-old or younger cotton and sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Concentrated vinegar killed more than 80% of young sunflower.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Vinegar at this concentration (2,980 L/ha)e0
- Interactor
- sunflower
Helianthus annuuse0weede1 - Outcome
- killede0
- Direction
- killede0
- Value
- >80%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vinegar at this concentration (2,980 L/ha) killed >80% of 30-day-old or younger cotton and sunflower”
e1“sunflower (Helianthus annuus) were frequently-encountered winter and spring weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Concentrated vinegar killed more than 80% of young Palmer amaranth.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Vinegar at this concentration (2,980 L/ha)e1
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- killede1
- Direction
- killede1
- Value
- >80%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“10-day-old Palmer amaranth and purslane in field trials”
e1“Vinegar at this concentration (2,980 L/ha) killed >80%”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Concentrated vinegar killed more than 80% of young purslane.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Vinegar at this concentration (2,980 L/ha)e1
- Interactor
- purslanee0weed
- Outcome
- killede1
- Direction
- killede1
- Value
- >80%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“10-day-old Palmer amaranth and purslane in field trials”
e1“Vinegar at this concentration (2,980 L/ha) killed >80%”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Concentrated vinegar caused less than 50% mortality in mature Palmer amaranth and purslane.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Vinegar at this concentration (2,980 L/ha)e1
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- mortality to mature Palmer amaranth and purslanee0
- Direction
- causede0
- Value
- <50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“caused <50% mortality to mature Palmer amaranth and purslane”
e1“Vinegar at this concentration (2,980 L/ha)”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Dilute vinegar caused little or no mortality.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- More dilute vinegar solutions (0.9% to 4.5% acid)e0
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- little or noe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“More dilute vinegar solutions (0.9% to 4.5% acid) caused little or no mortality.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest vinegar for young weeds in non-crop areas or following cultivation.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- controlling young weed seedlings in non-crop areas, or as a follow-up to cultivatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vinegar could be useful in controlling young weed seedlings in non-crop areas, or as a follow-up to cultivation.”
t0“Cotton”
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- negative
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See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.