Abstract
Screen house experiments were carried out to examine the effects of aqueous leaf extracts of Tithonia diversifolia (Ti) and Vernonia amygdalina (Ve), as well as NPK fertilizer (15-15-15) on the germination, growth and development of maize. Fresh leaves were collected, washed with tap water, chopped and pounded, soaked in distilled water and filtered. The two filtrates were used to prepare extracts at 50 and 100% w/v. Four maize seeds were placed in Petri dishes laid out in a completely randomized design with five replicates. In every Petri dish 10 ml of extract per treatment was added. A control experiment with distilled water was also set up. Also, in a completely randomized design with four replicates, 4-week-old potted maize plants were treated with 500 ml of each extract as well as with 1.52 g of NPK fertilizer. The results showed that the germination percentage of the seeds followed the order Ti50 - Control - Ve50. The seeds treated with aqueous extracts of T. diversifolia and V. amygdalina at 100% w/v produced lower but equal germination percentage. The seedling radicle growth was significantly inhibited by the aqueous extracts of Ti100, Ve50 and Ve100 (p?0.05). The inhibition was dose-dependent and more pronounced in seeds treated with extracts of V. amygdalina. The aqueous extract of T. diversifolia (50% w/v) and control influenced radicle growth substantially. All the extracts inhibited the plumule development compared to the control. On the other hand, growth, development and yield were not significantly affected by the plant extracts.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Seed germination ranked Ti50, control and Ve50 in that order.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the germination percentage of the seeds followed the order Ti50 - Control - Ve50.”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The two 100% leaf extracts produced equally lower maize seed germination.
- Treatment
- aqueous extracts of T. diversifolia and V. amygdalina at 100% w/ve0
- Outcome
- germination percentagee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- equale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seeds treated with aqueous extracts of T. diversifolia and V. amygdalina at 100% w/v produced lower but equal germination percentage.”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ti100 extract significantly inhibited maize radicle growth.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seedling radicle growth was significantly inhibited by the aqueous extracts of Ti100, Ve50 and Ve100 (p?0.05).”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ve50 extract significantly inhibited maize radicle growth.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seedling radicle growth was significantly inhibited by the aqueous extracts of Ti100, Ve50 and Ve100 (p?0.05).”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ve100 extract significantly inhibited maize radicle growth.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seedling radicle growth was significantly inhibited by the aqueous extracts of Ti100, Ve50 and Ve100 (p?0.05).”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Radicle inhibition increased with extract dose.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The inhibition was dose-dependent and more pronounced in seeds treated with extracts of V. amygdalina.”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
V. amygdalina extract caused more radicle inhibition than the other extract.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The inhibition was dose-dependent and more pronounced in seeds treated with extracts of V. amygdalina.”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ti50 extract and control substantially influenced radicle growth.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The aqueous extract of T. diversifolia (50% w/v) and control influenced radicle growth substantially.”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
All extracts inhibited maize plumule development relative to control.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All the extracts inhibited the plumule development compared to the control.”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant extracts did not significantly affect maize growth, development or yield.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth, development and yield were not significantly affected by the plant extracts.”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
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