Abstract
Abstract In 1972 an experiment was set up to investigate the long‐term effects of herbicide, irrigation and two rates of nitrochalk fertiliser application on soil fertility in a Cox's Orange Pippin apple orchard. Samples taken in 1986 showed that uncultivated soil which had been maintained bare by herbicide had much lower organic C, total N and extractable K and Mg concentrations than soil which had been maintained under grass. Extractable P concentrations were lower in soil under grass than in soil under herbicide. In the absence of grass, soil pH was slightly lower than in its presence. All these effects were much greater at depths above 7·5 cm than below. Irrigation of the grass slightly increased organic C and total N levels at 0–7·5 cm compared with unirrigated grass but had no effect on extractable P, K and Mg. Increasing the fertiliser rate from 63 to 189 kg N ha −1 had no effect on organic C, total N, extractable P and K. Yet, throughout the soil profile, extractable Mg concentrations were greater at the low than at the high N fertiliser rate. In a seedling growth test on soil taken from the orchard in 1988 (and confirmed to be free from residual herbicide), apple seedlings grown in soil which had previously been under grass grew significantly better than those in soil which had been bare. These differences were ascribed to a greater rate of N mineralisation in the soil formerly under grass. The results of this trial indicate that to safeguard soil fertility it is necessary to maintain a grass cover in the orchard. In addition, fertiliser application on newly planted trees should be adjusted to take account of the presence or absence of grass in the previous soil management treatment.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Soil bare under herbicide had lower organic C and total N than soil under grass.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Material
- Cox's Orange Pippine0
- Treatment
- maintained bare by herbicidee1
- Outcome
- organic C, total Ne1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- soil which had been maintained under grasse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cox's Orange Pippin apple orchard”
e1“Samples taken in 1986 showed that uncultivated soil which had been maintained bare by herbicide had much lower organic C, total N and extractable K and Mg concentrations than soil which had been maintained under grass”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil bare under herbicide had lower extractable K and Mg than soil under grass.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Cox's Orange Pippine0
- Treatment
- maintained bare by herbicidee1
- Outcome
- extractable K and Mge1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- soil which had been maintained under grasse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cox's Orange Pippin apple orchard”
e1“Samples taken in 1986 showed that uncultivated soil which had been maintained bare by herbicide had much lower organic C, total N and extractable K and Mg concentrations than soil which had been maintained under grass”
Claim · model-written summary
Extractable P was lower in soil under grass than in soil under herbicide.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Cox's Orange Pippine0
- Treatment
- soil under grasse1
- Outcome
- Extractable P concentrationse1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- soil under herbicidee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cox's Orange Pippin apple orchard”
e1“Extractable P concentrations were lower in soil under grass than in soil under herbicide”
Claim · model-written summary
In the absence of grass, soil pH was slightly lower than in its presence.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Cox's Orange Pippine0
- Treatment
- In the absence of grasse1
- Outcome
- soil pHe1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Qualifier
- slightlye1
- Comparator
- in its presencee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cox's Orange Pippin apple orchard”
e1“In the absence of grass, soil pH was slightly lower than in its presence”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation of grass slightly increased organic C and total N at 0–7·5 cm compared with unirrigated grass.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Cox's Orange Pippine0
- Treatment
- Irrigation of the grasse1
- Outcome
- organic C and total N levelse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- at 0–7·5 cme1
- Comparator
- unirrigated grasse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cox's Orange Pippin apple orchard”
e1“Irrigation of the grass slightly increased organic C and total N levels at 0–7·5 cm compared with unirrigated grass but had no effect on extractable P, K and Mg”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation of grass had no effect on extractable P, K and Mg.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Cox's Orange Pippine0
- Treatment
- Irrigation of the grasse1
- Outcome
- extractable P, K and Mge1
- Direction
- no effecte1
- Comparator
- unirrigated grasse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cox's Orange Pippin apple orchard”
e1“Irrigation of the grass slightly increased organic C and total N levels at 0–7·5 cm compared with unirrigated grass but had no effect on extractable P, K and Mg”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing the N fertiliser rate from 63 to 189 kg N ha −1 had no effect on organic C and total N.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Cox's Orange Pippine0
- Treatment
- Increasing the fertiliser rate from 63 to 189 kg N ha −1e1
- Outcome
- organic C, total Ne1
- Direction
- no effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cox's Orange Pippin apple orchard”
e1“Increasing the fertiliser rate from 63 to 189 kg N ha −1 had no effect on organic C, total N, extractable P and K”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing the N fertiliser rate from 63 to 189 kg N ha −1 had no effect on extractable P and K.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Cox's Orange Pippine0
- Treatment
- Increasing the fertiliser rate from 63 to 189 kg N ha −1e1
- Outcome
- extractable P and Ke1
- Direction
- no effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cox's Orange Pippin apple orchard”
e1“Increasing the fertiliser rate from 63 to 189 kg N ha −1 had no effect on organic C, total N, extractable P and K”
Claim · model-written summary
Extractable Mg was greater at the low than at the high N fertiliser rate throughout the soil profile.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Cox's Orange Pippine0
- Treatment
- at the lowe1
- Outcome
- extractable Mg concentrationse1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Qualifier
- throughout the soil profilee1
- Comparator
- at the high N fertiliser ratee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cox's Orange Pippin apple orchard”
e1“Yet, throughout the soil profile, extractable Mg concentrations were greater at the low than at the high N fertiliser rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple seedlings grown in soil previously under grass grew significantly better than those in bare soil.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- soil which had previously been under grasse1
- Outcome
- grewe1
- Direction
- bettere1
- Comparator
- soil which had been baree1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“apple seedlings grown in soil which had previously been under grass grew significantly better than those in soil which had been bare”
Claim · model-written summary
Differences in apple seedling growth were ascribed to a greater rate of N mineralisation in soil formerly under grass.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- differencese1
- Qualifier
- a greater rate of N mineralisatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cox's Orange Pippin apple orchard”
e1“These differences were ascribed to a greater rate of N mineralisation in the soil formerly under grass”
Claim · model-written summary
To safeguard soil fertility in an apple orchard, a grass cover should be maintained.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- maintain a grass covere1
- Outcome
- soil fertilitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cox's Orange Pippin apple orchard”
e1“to safeguard soil fertility it is necessary to maintain a grass cover in the orchard”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertiliser application on newly planted apple trees should be adjusted for the presence or absence of grass in the previous soil management.
Verbatim
e1“fertiliser application on newly planted trees should be adjusted to take account of the presence or absence of grass in the previous soil management treatment”
The same questions in other papers
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See all 117 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.