Abstract
Gas exchange and water relations were evaluated under full-season in situ infrared (IR) warming for hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yecora Rojo) grown in an open field in a semiarid desert region of the southwest USA. A temperature free-air controlled enhancement (T-FACE) apparatus utilizing IR heaters maintained canopy air temperature above 3.0 m Heated plots of wheat by 1.3 and 2.7 °C (0.2 and 0.3 °C below the targeted set-points of Reference plots with dummy heaters) during daytime and nighttime, respectively. Control plots had no apparatus. Every 6 weeks during 2007–2009 wheat was sown under the three warming treatments (i.e., Control, Heated, Reference) in three replicates in a 3 × 3 Latin square (LSQ) design on six plantings during 4 months (i.e., January, March, September, December), or in a natural temperature variation treatment (i.e., Control) in three replicates in a randomized complete block (RCB) design on nine plantings during 7 months (i.e., January, February, April, June, July, August, October). Soil temperature (Ts) and volumetric soil-water content (θs) were 1.3 °C warmer and 14% lower in Heated compared with Reference plots, respectively. Other than a 1% shading effect, no artifacts on gas exchange or water relations were associated with the IR warming apparatus. IR warming increased carbon gain characteristic of an increase in metabolic rates to higher temperature that may have been attributed to the well-watered wheat crop and the supplemental irrigation that minimized plant-to-air water vapor pressure differences between IR-warmed and nonwarmed plots. Nevertheless, seasonal oscillations in the IR warming response on carbon gain occurred. IR warming decreased leaf water status and provided thermal protection during freeze events. IR warming is an effective experimental methodology to investigate the impact of global climate change on agronomic cropping and natural ecosystems to a wide range of natural and artificially imposed air temperatures.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Infrared warming raised soil temperature by 1.3 °C relative to reference plots.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- Heatede0
- Outcome
- Soil temperature (Ts)e0
- Direction
- warmere0
- Value
- 1.3 °Ce0
- Comparator
- Reference plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil temperature (Ts) and volumetric soil-water content (θs) were 1.3 °C warmer and 14% lower in Heated compared with Reference plots, respectively”
e1“hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yecora Rojo)”
Claim · model-written summary
Infrared warming lowered soil-water content by 14% relative to reference plots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Heatede0
- Outcome
- volumetric soil-water content (θs)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 14%e0
- Comparator
- Reference plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil temperature (Ts) and volumetric soil-water content (θs) were 1.3 °C warmer and 14% lower in Heated compared with Reference plots, respectively”
e1“hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yecora Rojo)”
Claim · model-written summary
The infrared apparatus had a 1% shading effect.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- shading effecte0
- Value
- 1%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Other than a 1% shading effect, no artifacts on gas exchange or water relations were associated with the IR warming apparatus”
e1“hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yecora Rojo)”
Claim · model-written summary
No gas-exchange or water-relations artifacts were associated with the warming apparatus.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- no artifacts on gas exchange or water relationse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Other than a 1% shading effect, no artifacts on gas exchange or water relations were associated with the IR warming apparatus”
e1“hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yecora Rojo)”
Claim · model-written summary
Infrared warming increased wheat carbon gain.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- IR warminge0
- Outcome
- carbon gaine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IR warming increased carbon gain”
e1“hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yecora Rojo)”
Claim · model-written summary
The carbon-gain response to warming oscillated seasonally.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- seasonal oscillations in the IR warming response on carbon gaine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seasonal oscillations in the IR warming response on carbon gain occurred”
e1“hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yecora Rojo)”
Claim · model-written summary
Infrared warming decreased wheat leaf water status.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- IR warminge0
- Outcome
- leaf water statuse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IR warming decreased leaf water status”
e1“hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yecora Rojo)”
Claim · model-written summary
Infrared warming provided thermal protection during freezes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- IR warminge0
- Outcome
- thermal protection during freeze eventse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IR warming decreased leaf water status and provided thermal protection during freeze events”
e1“hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yecora Rojo)”
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See all 22 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.