Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are signalling modules that transduce extracellular signalling to a range of cellular responses. Plant MAPK cascades have been implicated in development and stress response. In this study, we isolated a novel group C MAPKK gene, ZmMKK4, from maize. Northern blotting analysis revealed that the ZmMKK4 transcript expression was up-regulated by cold, high salt and exogenous H(2)O(2,) but down-regulated by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA). Over-expression of ZmMKK4 in Arabidopsis conferred tolerance to cold and salt stresses by increased germination rate, lateral root numbers, plant survival rate, chlorophyll, proline and soluble sugar contents, and antioxidant enzyme [peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT)] activities compared with control plants. Furthermore, ZmMKK4 enhanced a 37 kDa kinase activity after cold and salt stresses. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the transcript levels of stress-responsive transcription factors and functional genes were higher in ZmMKK4-over-expressing plants than in control plants. In addition, ZmMKK4 protein is localized in the nucleus. Taken together, these results indicate that ZmMKK4 is a positive regulator of salt and cold tolerance in plants.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
ZmMKK4 was isolated as a novel group C MAPKK gene from maize.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we isolated a novel group C MAPKK gene, ZmMKK4, from maize.”
t0“ZmMKK4, a novel group C mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase in maize (Zea mays), confers salt and cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold, high salt and H(2)O(2,) up-regulated ZmMKK4 transcript expression.
- Treatment
- cold, high salt and exogenous H(2)O(2,)e0
- Gene
- ZmMKK4e0
- Outcome
- ZmMKK4 transcript expressione0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ZmMKK4 transcript expression was up-regulated by cold, high salt and exogenous H(2)O(2,)”
t0“ZmMKK4, a novel group C mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase in maize (Zea mays), confers salt and cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ABA down-regulated ZmMKK4 transcript expression.
- Treatment
- exogenous abscisic acid (ABA)e0
- Gene
- ZmMKK4t0
- Outcome
- ZmMKK4 transcript expressione1
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but down-regulated by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA).”
t0“ZmMKK4, a novel group C mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase in maize (Zea mays), confers salt and cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis”
e1“ZmMKK4 transcript expression”
Claim · model-written summary
ZmMKK4 overexpression increased germination, lateral root number and survival under cold and salt stress.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Treatment
- Over-expression of ZmMKK4e0
- Gene
- ZmMKK4e0
- Outcome
- germination rate, lateral root numbers, plant survival ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Over-expression of ZmMKK4 in Arabidopsis conferred tolerance to cold and salt stresses by increased germination rate, lateral root numbers, plant survival rate”
t0“ZmMKK4, a novel group C mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase in maize (Zea mays), confers salt and cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
ZmMKK4 overexpression increased chlorophyll, proline and soluble sugar contents under cold and salt stress.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Over-expression of ZmMKK4e1
- Gene
- ZmMKK4t0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll, proline and soluble sugar contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased germination rate, lateral root numbers, plant survival rate, chlorophyll, proline and soluble sugar contents, and antioxidant enzyme [peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT)] activities compared with control plants.”
t0“ZmMKK4, a novel group C mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase in maize (Zea mays), confers salt and cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis”
e1“Over-expression of ZmMKK4”
Claim · model-written summary
ZmMKK4 overexpression increased POD and CAT activities relative to control plants.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Over-expression of ZmMKK4e1
- Gene
- ZmMKK4t0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme [peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT)] activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and antioxidant enzyme [peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT)] activities compared with control plants.”
t0“ZmMKK4, a novel group C mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase in maize (Zea mays), confers salt and cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis”
e1“Over-expression of ZmMKK4”
e2“increased”
Claim · model-written summary
ZmMKK4 enhanced 37 kDa kinase activity after cold and salt stresses.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- ZmMKK4e0
- Gene
- ZmMKK4e0
- Outcome
- kinase activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 37 kDae0
- Qualifier
- after cold and salt stressese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZmMKK4 enhanced a 37 kDa kinase activity after cold and salt stresses.”
t0“ZmMKK4, a novel group C mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase in maize (Zea mays), confers salt and cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Stress-responsive transcription factor and functional gene transcripts were higher in ZmMKK4-overexpressing plants.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- ZmMKK4-over-expressing plantse0
- Outcome
- transcript levels of stress-responsive transcription factors and functional genese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the transcript levels of stress-responsive transcription factors and functional genes were higher in ZmMKK4-over-expressing plants than in control plants.”
t0“ZmMKK4, a novel group C mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase in maize (Zea mays), confers salt and cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
ZmMKK4 protein localized to the nucleus.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZmMKK4 protein is localized in the nucleus.”
t0“ZmMKK4, a novel group C mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase in maize (Zea mays), confers salt and cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis”
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