Abstract
An integrated weed management approach requires alternative management practices to herbicide use such as tillage, crop rotations and cultural controls to reduce soil weed seed banks. The objective of this study was to examine the value of different tillage practices and stubble burning to exhaust the seed bank of common weeds from the northern grain region of Australia. Five tillage and burning treatments were incorporated in a field experiment, at Armidale (30 degrees 30'S, 151 degrees 40'E), New South Wales, Australia in July 2004 in a randomized block design replicated four times. The trial was continued and treatments repeated in July 2005 with all the mature plants from the first year being allowed to shed seed in their respective treatment plots. The treatments were (i) no tillage (NT), (ii) chisel ploughing (CP), (iii) mould board ploughing (MBP), (iv) wheat straw burning with no tillage (SBNT) and (v) wheat straw burning with chisel ploughing (SBC). Soil samples were collected before applying treatments and before the weeds flowered to establish the seed bank status of the various weeds in the soil. Wheat was sown after the tillage treatments. Burning treatments were only initiated in the second year, one month prior to tillage treatments. The major weeds present in the seed bank before initiating the trial were Polygonum aviculare, Sonchus oleraceus and Avena fatua. Tillage promoted the germination of other weeds like Hibiscus trionum, Medicago sativa, Vicia sp. and Phalaris paradoxa later in the season in 2004 and Convolvulus erubescens emerged as a new weed in 2005. The MBP treatment in 2004 reduced the weed biomass to a significantly lower level of 55 g/m2 than the other treatments of CP (118 g/m2) and NT plots (196 g/m2) (P < 0.05). However, in 2005 SBC and MBP treatments were similar in reducing the weed biomass. In 2004, the grain yield trend of wheat was significantly different between CP and NT, and MBP and NT (P < 0.05) with maximum yield of 5898 kg/ha in CP and 5731 kg/ha in MBP. Rainfall before the start of the second trial season promoted the germination of a large numbers of weeds. SBC and MBP treatments reduced the numbers of most of the individual weed species compared with CP, SBNT and NT. SBC was able to destroy a large proportion of seeds most likely through burning and burying some in the soil and was found to be the best treatment in exhausting the seed bank followed closely by MBP which probably buried large number of seeds deep in the soil and promoted others to germinate. CP might have buried some of the seeds in the top 5-10 cm but also promoted parts of the seed bank to germinate. SBNT and NT provided an ideal medium for weeds to germinate and resulted in heavy infestations of weeds.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Polygonum aviculare, Sonchus oleraceus and Avena fatua dominated the initial weed seed bank.
- Interactor
- Polygonum aviculare
Polygonum avicularee0weed - Outcome
- major weeds present in the seed banke0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The major weeds present in the seed bank before initiating the trial were Polygonum aviculare, Sonchus oleraceus and Avena fatua.”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage promoted germination of several weeds later in 2004.
- Treatment
- Tillagee0
- Interactor
- Hibiscus trionum
Hibiscus trionume0weed - Outcome
- germination of other weedse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tillage promoted the germination of other weeds like Hibiscus trionum, Medicago sativa, Vicia sp. and Phalaris paradoxa later in the season in 2004”
Claim · model-written summary
Convolvulus erubescens emerged as a new weed in 2005.
- Interactor
- Convolvulus erubescens
Convolvulus erubescense0weed - Outcome
- emerged as a new weede0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Convolvulus erubescens emerged as a new weed in 2005.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mould board ploughing reduced weed biomass to 55 g/m2 in 2004 versus 118 g/m2 under chisel ploughing.
- Treatment
- MBP treatmente0
- Outcome
- weed biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 55 g/m2e0
- Qualifier
- 118 g/m2e0
- Comparator
- CPe0
Not reportedTaxonInteractor
Verbatim
e0“The MBP treatment in 2004 reduced the weed biomass to a significantly lower level of 55 g/m2 than the other treatments of CP (118 g/m2) and NT plots (196 g/m2) (P < 0.05).”
Claim · model-written summary
Mould board ploughing reduced weed biomass to 55 g/m2 in 2004 versus 196 g/m2 without tillage.
- Treatment
- MBP treatmente0
- Outcome
- weed biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 55 g/m2e0
- Qualifier
- 196 g/m2e0
- Comparator
- NT plotse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The MBP treatment in 2004 reduced the weed biomass to a significantly lower level of 55 g/m2 than the other treatments of CP (118 g/m2) and NT plots (196 g/m2) (P < 0.05).”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2005 stubble burning with chisel ploughing and mould board ploughing reduced weed biomass similarly.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“in 2005 SBC and MBP treatments were similar in reducing the weed biomass.”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2004 chisel ploughing produced the maximum wheat grain yield of 5898 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- CPe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 5898 kg/hae0
- Comparator
- NTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2004, the grain yield trend of wheat was significantly different between CP and NT, and MBP and NT (P < 0.05) with maximum yield of 5898 kg/ha in CP and 5731 kg/ha in MBP.”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2004 mould board ploughing produced wheat grain yield of 5731 kg/ha, significantly different from no tillage.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2004, the grain yield trend of wheat was significantly different between CP and NT, and MBP and NT (P < 0.05) with maximum yield of 5898 kg/ha in CP and 5731 kg/ha in MBP.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rainfall preceding the second season promoted weed germination.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Rainfall before the start of the second trial season promoted the germination of a large numbers of weeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
Stubble burning with chisel ploughing reduced most individual weed counts relative to chisel ploughing, burning alone and no tillage.
- Treatment
- SBCe0
- Outcome
- numbers of most of the individual weed speciese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- CP, SBNT and NTe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“SBC and MBP treatments reduced the numbers of most of the individual weed species compared with CP, SBNT and NT.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mould board ploughing reduced most individual weed counts relative to chisel ploughing, burning alone and no tillage.
- Treatment
- MBPe0
- Outcome
- numbers of most of the individual weed speciese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- CP, SBNT and NTe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“SBC and MBP treatments reduced the numbers of most of the individual weed species compared with CP, SBNT and NT.”
Claim · model-written summary
Stubble burning with chisel ploughing exhausted the weed seed bank best.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“SBC was able to destroy a large proportion of seeds most likely through burning and burying some in the soil and was found to be the best treatment in exhausting the seed bank followed closely by MBP”
Claim · model-written summary
Chisel ploughing promoted germination of part of the weed seed bank.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“CP might have buried some of the seeds in the top 5-10 cm but also promoted parts of the seed bank to germinate.”
Claim · model-written summary
Burning without tillage and no tillage resulted in heavy weed infestations.
Not reportedTaxonComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“SBNT and NT provided an ideal medium for weeds to germinate and resulted in heavy infestations of weeds.”
The same questions in other papers
tillage · weed · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
125 papers in the same direction as this paper · 56 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
179 papers more in this group
See all 183 papers →tillage · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1,115 papers in the same direction as this paper · 257 in the opposite direction · 41 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
1,410 papers more in this group
See all 1,414 papers →fire · weed · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.