Abstract
We investigated the effects of root-zone heating in early morning to improve the growth of celery and reduce the cost of electricity for root-zone heating during winter in a hilly and mountainous area of Japan. Celery plants were transplanted to a soilless culture system in a sloped greenhouse. Polyethylene bags (30 x 90 cm) filled with bark composts were used as a substrate in the system. We used a heating wire and a thermostat for the root-zone heating. Four heating treatments were set after transplanting: 24h constant heating; CH, early morning (03:00-09:00) heating; MH, daytime (09:00-15:00) heating; DH, and non-heating; NH. The treatments were continued after transplanting through harvesting. The thermostat for root-zone heating was set at 15°C during the heating time. In CH and MH, the fresh weights of plants and the marketable part weights were larger than NH significantly. There were no significant difference in marketable part weights in CH and MH. We thought that MH was more effective in celery growth than other treatments, because the ratio of the difference in marketable part weights (dW) from NH to the diifference in root-zone temperature (dT) from NH was significantly larger than CH and DH. We also thought that maintaining favourable root-zone temperature from the morning to the evening was effective, and that at night was a little effective, in celery growth. The electricity consumption for the root-zone heating in DH was the lowest. However, the electricity cost was the lowest in MH, thanks to the dual fee system for electricity. We consequently concluded that root-zone heating in early-morning was more effective to improve celery growth in winter than constant heating the whole day
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Constant and early-morning root-zone heating (CH and MH) gave significantly larger fresh and marketable weights of celery than non-heating.
- Taxon
- celery
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Apium graveolens Dulce Groupe0 - Treatment
- CH and MHe2
- Outcome
- fresh weights of plants and the marketable part weightse2
- Direction
- largere2
- Comparator
- NHe2
Not reportedValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
%2C_Elswick%2C_Northumberland_4.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the effects of root-zone heating in early morning to improve the growth of celery and reduce the cost of electricity for root-zone heating during winter in a hilly and mountainous area of Japan”
e2“In CH and MH, the fresh weights of plants and the marketable part weights were larger than NH significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Marketable part weights did not differ significantly between CH and MH.
- Taxon
- celeryApium graveolens Dulce Groupe0
- Treatment
- MHe3
- Outcome
- marketable part weightse3
- Direction
- no significant differencee3
- Comparator
- CHe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the effects of root-zone heating in early morning to improve the growth of celery and reduce the cost of electricity for root-zone heating during winter in a hilly and mountainous area of Japan”
e3“There were no significant difference in marketable part weights in CH and MH”
Claim · model-written summary
Daytime heating (MH) was judged more effective for celery growth than CH and DH, based on the ratio of marketable weight change to root-zone temperature change.
- Taxon
- celeryApium graveolens Dulce Groupe0
- Treatment
- MHe4
- Outcome
- celery growthe4
- Direction
- more effectivee4
- Comparator
- CH and DHe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the effects of root-zone heating in early morning to improve the growth of celery and reduce the cost of electricity for root-zone heating during winter in a hilly and mountainous area of Japan”
e4“We thought that MH was more effective in celery growth than other treatments, because the ratio of the difference in marketable part weights (dW) from NH to the diifference in root-zone temperature (dT) from NH was significantly larger than CH and DH”
Claim · model-written summary
Maintaining favourable root-zone temperature from morning to evening was judged effective for celery growth.
- Taxon
- celeryApium graveolens Dulce Groupe0
- Treatment
- maintaining favourable root-zone temperature from the morning to the eveninge5
- Outcome
- growth of celerye0
- Direction
- effectivee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the effects of root-zone heating in early morning to improve the growth of celery and reduce the cost of electricity for root-zone heating during winter in a hilly and mountainous area of Japan”
e5“We also thought that maintaining favourable root-zone temperature from the morning to the evening was effective”
Claim · model-written summary
DH had the lowest electricity consumption for root-zone heating.
- Taxon
- celeryApium graveolens Dulce Groupe0
- Treatment
- DHe6
- Outcome
- electricity consumption for the root-zone heatinge6
- Direction
- loweste6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the effects of root-zone heating in early morning to improve the growth of celery and reduce the cost of electricity for root-zone heating during winter in a hilly and mountainous area of Japan”
e6“The electricity consumption for the root-zone heating in DH was the lowest”
Claim · model-written summary
MH had the lowest electricity cost for root-zone heating.
- Taxon
- celeryApium graveolens Dulce Groupe0
- Treatment
- MHe7
- Outcome
- electricity coste7
- Direction
- loweste7
- Qualifier
- thanks to the dual fee systeme7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the effects of root-zone heating in early morning to improve the growth of celery and reduce the cost of electricity for root-zone heating during winter in a hilly and mountainous area of Japan”
e7“However, the electricity cost was the lowest in MH, thanks to the dual fee system”
Claim · model-written summary
Root-zone heating in early morning was concluded to be more effective for celery growth in winter than constant heating over the whole day.
- Taxon
- celeryApium graveolens Dulce Groupe0
- Treatment
- root-zone heating in early-morninge1
- Outcome
- celery growthe1
- Direction
- more effectivee1
- Comparator
- constant heating the whole daye1
- Setting
- in wintere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the effects of root-zone heating in early morning to improve the growth of celery and reduce the cost of electricity for root-zone heating during winter in a hilly and mountainous area of Japan”
e1“We consequently concluded that root-zone heating in early-morning was more effective to improve celery growth in winter than constant heating the whole day”
The same questions in other papers
heat · growth · Apium graveolensPositive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.