Abstract
The West Asia-North Africa region, which is characterized by a typical Mediterranean climate, is the center of origin of cereals, notably wheat (Triticum spp.) and barley (Hordeum spp). However, cereal production, which is primarily rainfed, is mainly constrained by drought due to the low rainfall accompanied by high temperatures. Cereals have been traditionally grown following a fallow period in order to achieve acceptable yields on stored soil moisture, but they are increasingly grown either continuously or in rotation with legumes, either food or forage. Barley is grown throughout the Mediterranean region, generally in the drier zones and often on shallow soils and with application of minimum or no fertilizers. The medium-rainfall zone of central Morocco (200-500 mm yr(-1)) is typical of the region as a whole. In order to provide a rational basis for barley fertilization, especially as regards nitrogen (N), a field trial was established near Settat, involving five barley varieties (ACSAD-60, Tessaout, Asni, Arig-8, and ACSAD-176), along with four N application at four levels (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N ha(-1)), grown on a shallow soil (Petrocalcic Palexeroll) for two growing seasons that varied in terms of total rainfall (Year 1, 261mm and Year 2, 302 mm) as well as within-season distribution. There were considerable differences between crop years, with significantly higher yields in the second growing season when rainfall was heavy at the critical tillering and stem-elongation growth stages. Nitrogen consistently increased dry matter and grain yields in either year, generally being significant up to 80 kg ha(-1). There were significant differences observed among varieties, as well as interactions of varieties with years. The six-row variety Arig-8 was consistently the best while the two-row Asni, the lowest yielding variety. Where an economic analysis was done on yield data (Year 1), N fertilization up to at least 80 kg ha(-1) was considered as profitable. Crop N uptake varied with varieties and increased with increasing fertilizer. N Recovery was variable and generally less than 50%. In contrast to many other fertilizer trials with barley in the region, this trial from central Morocco showed highly significant yield increases in response to applied N for barley varieties, most of which performed similarly. Therefore, N fertilization of barley in Morocco's semi-arid cereal-producing zone on shallow soils, where root growth and moisture-holding capacity are limited, should be promoted.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yields were significantly higher in the wetter second season.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree1 - Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- second growing seasone0
- Setting
- near Settate2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“significantly higher yields in the second growing season when rainfall was heavy at the critical tillering and stem-elongation growth stages.”
e1“five barley varieties”
e2“near Settat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen increased barley dry matter yield in both seasons, generally significantly up to 80 kg ha(-1).
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- Nitrogene0
- Outcome
- dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- up to 80 kg ha(-1)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen consistently increased dry matter and grain yields in either year, generally being significant up to 80 kg ha(-1).”
e1“five barley varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen increased barley grain yield in both seasons, generally significantly up to 80 kg ha(-1).
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- Nitrogene0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- up to 80 kg ha(-1)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen consistently increased dry matter and grain yields in either year, generally being significant up to 80 kg ha(-1).”
e1“five barley varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley varieties differed significantly and interacted with crop years.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- differences observed among varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were significant differences observed among varieties, as well as interactions of varieties with years.”
e1“five barley varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Arig-8 was consistently best among varieties.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Material
- Arig-8e0
- Outcome
- consistently the beste0
- Direction
- beste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The six-row variety Arig-8 was consistently the best”
e1“five barley varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Asni was the lowest-yielding variety.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Material
- Asnie0
- Outcome
- yieldinge0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the two-row Asni, the lowest yielding variety.”
e1“five barley varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization to at least 80 kg ha(-1) was profitable in first-year economic analysis.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- N fertilization up to at least 80 kg ha(-1)e0
- Outcome
- profitablee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N fertilization up to at least 80 kg ha(-1) was considered as profitable.”
e1“five barley varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop nitrogen uptake varied among varieties.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- Crop N uptakee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crop N uptake varied with varieties”
e1“five barley varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop nitrogen uptake increased with fertilizer amount.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- increasing fertilizere0
- Outcome
- Crop N uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crop N uptake varied with varieties and increased with increasing fertilizer.”
e1“five barley varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen recovery varied and was generally below 50%.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- N Recoverye0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Value
- 50%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N Recovery was variable and generally less than 50%.”
e1“five barley varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend nitrogen fertilization of barley on shallow semi-arid Moroccan soils.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- N fertilization of barleye0
- Setting
- Morocco's semi-arid cereal-producing zonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N fertilization of barley in Morocco's semi-arid cereal-producing zone on shallow soils, where root growth and moisture-holding capacity are limited, should be promoted.”
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