Abstract
AIMS: After the determination of the toxic but nonlethal concentration of NaCl for cucumber, we examined the interaction between an ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) deaminase producing bacterial strain and an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and their effects on cucumber growth under salinity. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the first experiment, cucumber seedlings were exposed to 0.1, 50, 100 or 200 mmol l(-1) NaCl, and plant biomass and leaf area were measured. While seeds exposed to 200 mmol l(-1) NaCl did not germinate, plant growth and leaf size were reduced by 50 or 100 mmol l(-1) salt. The latter salt cancentration caused plant death in 1 month. In the second experiment, seeds were inoculated with the ACC deaminase-producing strain Pseudomonas putida UW4 (AcdS(+)), its mutant unable to produce the enzyme (AcdS(-)), or the AMF Gigaspora rosea BEG9, individually or in combination and exposed to 75 mmol l(-1) salt. Plant morphometric and root architectural parameters, mycorrhizal and bacterial colonization and the influence of each micro-organism on the photosynthetic efficiency were evaluated. The AcdS(+) strain or the AMF, inoculated alone, increased plant growth, affected root architecture and improved photosynthetic activity. Mycorrhizal colonization was inhibited by each bacterial strain. CONCLUSIONS: Salinity negatively affects cucumber growth and health, but root colonization by ACC deaminase-producing bacteria or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can improve plant tolerance to such stressful condition. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and bacterial ACC deaminase may ameliorate plant growth under stressful conditions. It was previously shown that, under optimal growth conditions, Ps. putida UW4 AcdS(+) increases root colonization by Gi. rosea resulting in synergistic effects on cucumber growth. These results suggest that while in optimal conditions ACC deaminase is mainly involved in the bacteria/fungus interactions, while under stressful conditions this enzyme plays a role in plant/bacterium interactions. This finding is relevant from an ecological and an applicative point of view.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Cucumber seeds did not germinate at 200 mmol l(-1) NaCl.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Treatment
- 200 mmol l(-1) NaCle0
- Outcome
- did not germinatee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seeds exposed to 200 mmol l(-1) NaCl did not germinate”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt at 50 or 100 mmol l(-1) reduced cucumber growth and leaf size.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 50 or 100 mmol l(-1) salte0
- Outcome
- plant growth and leaf sizee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant growth and leaf size were reduced by 50 or 100 mmol l(-1) salt”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
The latter salt concentration caused plant death within one month.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- latter salt cancentratione0
- Outcome
- plant deathe0
- Value
- 1 monthe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The latter salt cancentration caused plant death in 1 month”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas putida UW4 AcdS(+) alone increased cucumber growth.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- AcdS(+) straine0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas putida UW4
Pseudomonas putidae1symbiont - Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The AcdS(+) strain or the AMF, inoculated alone, increased plant growth”
e1“Pseudomonas putida UW4 (AcdS(+))”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus alone increased cucumber growth.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- Gigaspora rosea BEG9Gigaspora roseae1symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The AcdS(+) strain or the AMF, inoculated alone, increased plant growth”
e1“AMF Gigaspora rosea BEG9”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
AcdS(+) inoculation affected root architecture.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- AcdS(+) straine0
- Outcome
- root architecturee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The AcdS(+) strain or the AMF, inoculated alone, increased plant growth, affected root architecture and improved photosynthetic activity”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation affected root architecture.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Outcome
- root architecturee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The AcdS(+) strain or the AMF, inoculated alone, increased plant growth, affected root architecture and improved photosynthetic activity”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
AcdS(+) inoculation improved photosynthetic activity.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- AcdS(+) straine0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic activitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The AcdS(+) strain or the AMF, inoculated alone, increased plant growth, affected root architecture and improved photosynthetic activity”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation improved photosynthetic activity.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic activitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The AcdS(+) strain or the AMF, inoculated alone, increased plant growth, affected root architecture and improved photosynthetic activity”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Each bacterial strain inhibited mycorrhizal colonization.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- each bacterial straine0
- Outcome
- Mycorrhizal colonizatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhizal colonization was inhibited by each bacterial strain”
t0“cucumber”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.