Abstract
As a suitable alternative to chemical fertilizers, the application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria has been increasing in recent years due to their potential to be used as biofertilizers. In the present work, 13 nitrogen-fixing bacterial strains belonging to 11 different genera were tested for their PGP attributes. All of the strains were positive for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), salicylic acid, and ammonia production while negative for cellulase, pectinase, and hydrocyanic acid production. The strains Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3 and Serratia sp. RFNB14 were the most effective in solubilizing both tri-calcium phosphate and zinc oxide. In addition, all strains except Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3 were able to oxidize sulfur, and six strains were positive for siderophore synthesis. Each strain tested in this study possesses at least four PGP properties in addition to nitrogen fixation. Nine strains were selected based on their multiple PGP potential, particularly ACCD and IAA production, and evaluated for their effects on early growth of tomato and red pepper under gnotobiotic conditions. Bacterial inoculation considerably influenced root and shoot length, seedling vigor, and dry biomass of the two crop plants. Three strains that demonstrated substantial effects on plant performance were further selected for greenhouse trials with red pepper, and among them Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3 resulted in significantly higher plant height (26%) and dry biomass (28%) compared to control. The highest rate of nitrogen fixation, as determined by acetylene reduction assay, occurred in Novosphingobium sp. RFNB21 inoculated red pepper root (49.6 nM of ethylene/h/g of dry root) and rhizosphere soil (41.3 nM of ethylene/h/g of dry soil). Inoculation with nitrogen-fixing bacteria significantly increased chlorophyll content, and the uptake of different macro- and micro-nutrient contents enhancing also in red pepper shoots, in comparison with uninoculated controls. The population estimation studies showed that nitrogen-fixing as well as total heterotrophic bacteria were also noticeably increased in soil and plant samples. The findings of this study suggest that certain nitrogen-fixing strains possessing multiple PGP traits could be applied in the development of biofertilizers.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
All 13 tested strains were positive for ACCD, IAA, salicylic acid and ammonia production.
- Taxon
- tomato and red pepper
Solanum lycopersicum
Capsicum annuum var. annuumt0 - Outcome
- 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), salicylic acid, and ammonia productione1
- Direction
- positivee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“enhance growth of tomato and red pepper”
e1“All of the strains were positive for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), salicylic acid, and ammonia production while negative for cellulase, pectinase, and hydrocyanic acid production”
Claim · model-written summary
All strains were negative for cellulase, pectinase and hydrocyanic acid production.
- Taxon
- tomato and red pepperSolanum lycopersicumCapsicum annuum var. annuumt0
- Outcome
- cellulase, pectinase, and hydrocyanic acid productione1
- Direction
- negativee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“enhance growth of tomato and red pepper”
e1“All of the strains were positive for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), salicylic acid, and ammonia production while negative for cellulase, pectinase, and hydrocyanic acid production”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3 and Serratia sp. RFNB14 were the most effective strains in solubilizing tri-calcium phosphate and zinc oxide.
- Taxon
- tomato and red pepperSolanum lycopersicumCapsicum annuum var. annuumt0
- Material
- The strains Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3 and Serratia sp. RFNB14e1
- Outcome
- solubilizing both tri-calcium phosphate and zinc oxidee1
- Direction
- most effectivee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“enhance growth of tomato and red pepper”
e1“The strains Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3 and Serratia sp. RFNB14 were the most effective in solubilizing both tri-calcium phosphate and zinc oxide”
Claim · model-written summary
All strains except Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3 were able to oxidize sulfur.
- Taxon
- tomato and red pepperSolanum lycopersicumCapsicum annuum var. annuumt0
- Material
- all strains except Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3e1
- Outcome
- able to oxidize sulfure1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“enhance growth of tomato and red pepper”
e1“In addition, all strains except Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3 were able to oxidize sulfur, and six strains were positive for siderophore synthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Six strains were positive for siderophore synthesis.
- Taxon
- tomato and red pepperSolanum lycopersicumCapsicum annuum var. annuumt0
- Material
- six strainse1
- Outcome
- siderophore synthesise1
- Direction
- positivee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“enhance growth of tomato and red pepper”
e1“In addition, all strains except Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3 were able to oxidize sulfur, and six strains were positive for siderophore synthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Each tested strain possesses at least four PGP properties in addition to nitrogen fixation.
- Taxon
- tomato and red pepperSolanum lycopersicumCapsicum annuum var. annuumt0
- Outcome
- PGP propertiese1
- Value
- at least foure1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“enhance growth of tomato and red pepper”
e1“Each strain tested in this study possesses at least four PGP properties in addition to nitrogen fixation”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation influenced root and shoot length and seedling vigor of tomato and red pepper.
- Taxon
- tomato and red pepperSolanum lycopersicumCapsicum annuum var. annuumt0
- Treatment
- Bacterial inoculatione1
- Outcome
- root and shoot length, seedling vigore1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“enhance growth of tomato and red pepper”
e1“Bacterial inoculation considerably influenced root and shoot length, seedling vigor, and dry biomass of the two crop plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation influenced dry biomass of tomato and red pepper.
- Taxon
- tomato and red pepperSolanum lycopersicumCapsicum annuum var. annuumt0
- Treatment
- Bacterial inoculatione1
- Outcome
- dry biomasse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“enhance growth of tomato and red pepper”
e1“Bacterial inoculation considerably influenced root and shoot length, seedling vigor, and dry biomass of the two crop plants”
Claim · model-written summary
In greenhouse trials with red pepper, Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3 increased plant height by 26% relative to control.
- Taxon
- red pepperCapsicum annuum var. annuume2
- Treatment
- Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3e1
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3
Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3e1symbiont - Outcome
- plant heighte1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 26%e1
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- greenhouse trialse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“among them Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3 resulted in significantly higher plant height (26%) and dry biomass (28%) compared to control”
e2“further selected for greenhouse trials with red pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
In greenhouse trials with red pepper, Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3 increased dry biomass by 28% relative to control.
- Taxon
- red pepperCapsicum annuum var. annuume2
- Treatment
- Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3e1
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3e1symbiont
- Outcome
- dry biomasse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 28%e1
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- greenhouse trialse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“among them Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3 resulted in significantly higher plant height (26%) and dry biomass (28%) compared to control”
e2“further selected for greenhouse trials with red pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
Novosphingobium sp. RFNB21 inoculation gave the highest nitrogen fixation rate in red pepper roots, 49.6 nM of ethylene/h/g of dry root.
- Taxon
- red pepperCapsicum annuum var. annuume1
- Organ / stage
- roote1
- Treatment
- inoculatede1
- Interactor
- Novosphingobium sp. RFNB21e1symbiont
- Outcome
- rate of nitrogen fixatione1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 49.6 nM of ethylene/h/g of dry roote1
- Qualifier
- as determined by acetylene reduction assaye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The highest rate of nitrogen fixation, as determined by acetylene reduction assay, occurred in Novosphingobium sp. RFNB21 inoculated red pepper root (49.6 nM of ethylene/h/g of dry root)”
Claim · model-written summary
Novosphingobium sp. RFNB21 inoculation gave the highest nitrogen fixation rate in red pepper rhizosphere soil, 41.3 nM of ethylene/h/g of dry soil.
- Taxon
- red pepperCapsicum annuum var. annuume1
- Organ / stage
- rhizosphere soile2
- Treatment
- inoculatede1
- Interactor
- Novosphingobium sp. RFNB21e1symbiont
- Outcome
- rate of nitrogen fixatione1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 41.3 nM of ethylene/h/g of dry soile2
- Qualifier
- as determined by acetylene reduction assaye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The highest rate of nitrogen fixation, as determined by acetylene reduction assay, occurred in Novosphingobium sp. RFNB21 inoculated red pepper root (49.6 nM of ethylene/h/g of dry root)”
e2“rhizosphere soil (41.3 nM of ethylene/h/g of dry soil)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with nitrogen-fixing bacteria significantly increased chlorophyll content in red pepper shoots compared with uninoculated controls.
- Taxon
- red pepperCapsicum annuum var. annuume1
- Organ / stage
- shootse1
- Treatment
- Inoculation with nitrogen-fixing bacteriae1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- uninoculated controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Inoculation with nitrogen-fixing bacteria significantly increased chlorophyll content, and the uptake of different macro- and micro-nutrient contents enhancing also in red pepper shoots, in comparison with uninoculated controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with nitrogen-fixing bacteria enhanced the uptake of macro- and micro-nutrient contents in red pepper shoots compared with uninoculated controls.
- Taxon
- red pepperCapsicum annuum var. annuume1
- Organ / stage
- shootse1
- Treatment
- Inoculation with nitrogen-fixing bacteriae1
- Outcome
- the uptake of different macro- and micro-nutrient contentse1
- Direction
- enhancinge1
- Comparator
- uninoculated controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Inoculation with nitrogen-fixing bacteria significantly increased chlorophyll content, and the uptake of different macro- and micro-nutrient contents enhancing also in red pepper shoots, in comparison with uninoculated controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen-fixing as well as total heterotrophic bacteria increased in soil and plant samples.
- Taxon
- tomato and red pepperSolanum lycopersicumCapsicum annuum var. annuumt0
- Outcome
- nitrogen-fixing as well as total heterotrophic bacteriae1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Setting
- soil and plant samplese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“enhance growth of tomato and red pepper”
e1“The population estimation studies showed that nitrogen-fixing as well as total heterotrophic bacteria were also noticeably increased in soil and plant samples”
Claim · model-written summary
Certain nitrogen-fixing strains with multiple PGP traits could be applied in the development of biofertilizers.
- Taxon
- tomato and red pepperSolanum lycopersicumCapsicum annuum var. annuumt0
- Outcome
- applied in the development of biofertilizerse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“enhance growth of tomato and red pepper”
e1“certain nitrogen-fixing strains possessing multiple PGP traits could be applied in the development of biofertilizers”
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See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.