Abstract
Plants have evolved complex regulatory mechanisms to control a multi-layered defense response to microbial attack. Both temporal and spatial gene expression are tightly regulated in response to pathogen ingress, modulating both positive and negative control of defense. BLUFENSINs, small knottin-like peptides in barley, wheat, and rice, are highly induced by attack from fungal pathogens, in particular, the obligate biotrophic fungus, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), causal agent of barley powdery mildew. Previous research indicated that Blufensin1 (Bln1) functions as a negative regulator of basal defense mechanisms. In the current report, we show that BLN1 and BLN2 can both be secreted to the apoplast and Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV)-mediated overexpression of Bln2 increases susceptibility of barley to Bgh. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays signify that BLN1 and BLN2 can interact with each other, and with calmodulin. We then used BSMV-induced gene silencing to knock down Bln1, followed by Barley1 GeneChip transcriptome analysis, to identify additional host genes influenced by Bln1. Analysis of differential expression revealed a gene set enriched for those encoding proteins annotated to nuclear import and the secretory pathway, particularly Importin α1-b and Sec61 γ subunits. Further functional analysis of these two affected genes showed that when silenced, they also reduced susceptibility to Bgh. Taken together, we postulate that Bln1 is co-opted by Bgh to facilitate transport of disease-related host proteins or effectors, influencing the establishment of Bgh compatibility on its barley host.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
BLN1 and BLN2 can be secreted into the apoplast.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Gene
- BLN1 and BLN2e0
- Outcome
- secreted to the apoplaste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“BLN1 and BLN2 can both be secreted to the apoplast”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Virus-mediated Bln2 overexpression increased barley susceptibility to Bgh.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV)-mediated overexpression of Bln2e0
- Interactor
- Bghe0pathogen
- Gene
- Bln2e0
- Outcome
- susceptibility of barley to Bghe0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV)-mediated overexpression of Bln2 increases susceptibility of barley to Bgh”
Claim · model-written summary
BLN1 and BLN2 interacted with each other and calmodulin in BiFC assays.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Gene
- BLN1 and BLN2e0
- Outcome
- interact with each other, and with calmoduline0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BLN1 and BLN2 can interact with each other, and with calmodulin”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Bln1 knockdown revealed differentially expressed genes enriched for nuclear import and secretory pathways.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Bln1e1
- Gene
- Importin α1-b and Sec61 γ subunitse0
- Outcome
- a gene set enriched for those encoding proteins annotated to nuclear import and the secretory pathwaye0
- Direction
- enrichede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Analysis of differential expression revealed a gene set enriched for those encoding proteins annotated to nuclear import and the secretory pathway, particularly Importin α1-b and Sec61 γ subunits”
t0“barley”
e1“knock down Bln1”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing Importin α1-b reduced susceptibility to Bgh.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- silencede0
- Interactor
- Bghe0pathogen
- Outcome
- susceptibility to Bghe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Further functional analysis of these two affected genes showed that when silenced, they also reduced susceptibility to Bgh”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing Sec61 γ reduced susceptibility to Bgh.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- silencede0
- Interactor
- Bghe0pathogen
- Outcome
- susceptibility to Bghe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Further functional analysis of these two affected genes showed that when silenced, they also reduced susceptibility to Bgh”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors postulate Bgh co-opts Bln1 to transport host proteins or effectors and establish compatibility.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Interactor
- Bghe0pathogen
- Gene
- Bln1e0
- Outcome
- establishment of Bgh compatibilitye0
- Qualifier
- transport of disease-related host proteins or effectorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bln1 is co-opted by Bgh to facilitate transport of disease-related host proteins or effectors, influencing the establishment of Bgh compatibility on its barley host”
The same questions in other papers
loss of function · disease · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Positive and negative results
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 20 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
28 papers more in this group
See all 32 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.