Abstract
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) grown in acid soils (high Al) shows growth and root physiology symptoms similar to plants grown under drought. Since compatibility exists between Al tolerance and drought resistance, the effects of Aluminum (Al) toxicity and water deficit (WD) stresses on net photosynthesis, leaf stomatal conductance, growth traits, proline, organic acids, and mineral nutrient concentrations in shoots and roots need to be determined. SC283 (drought- and Al-tolerant) and 'Redlan' (drought- and Al-sensitive) sorghum genotypes were grown under Al and WD individually, and Al + WD combined in nutrient solutions. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance decreased as Al and WD in nutrient solution increased. Additive Al + WD stresses decreased photosynthesis and stomatal conductance more than Al or WD separately. Increased Al and WD stresses decreased shoot, root and total dry matter yields (DMY). Aluminum increased shoot/root DMY ratios, and WD increased shoot/root DMY ratios in some experiments and decreased them in others. Leaf areas and root lengths decreased similar to other DMY as Al level and WD increased. Increased Al did not affect proline in shoots and roots. Water deficit treatments increased proline, and had greater effect than Al. Combinations of 200 or 400 $\mu$M Al levels with $-$0.09 or $-$0.13 MPa WD resulted in higher proline in shoots and roots than Al or WD separately. Shoots had higher proline than roots. Shoot organic acids were not affected when grown with Al. t-Aconitic acid in roots was less in plants grown with 200 $\mu$M Al than in plants grown at control treatment. Control compared to WD treatments increased shoot fumaric and oxalic acids. Water deficit affected shoot and root organic acids more than Al. Adding Al to nutrient solutions increased shoot and root P and Al and decreased shoot S and Fe and shoot and root Mg, Ca, Mn, and Zn concentrations. Water deficit increased shoot and root P, Mg, and Zn, and decreased shoot and root S, K, Ca, Mn, and B and root Fe.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance declined as aluminum and water deficit increased.
SorghumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance decreased as Al and WD in nutrient solution increased.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined aluminum and water deficit lowered photosynthesis and stomatal conductance more than either stress alone.
- Treatment
- Al + WD stressese0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis and stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- Al or WD separatelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additive Al + WD stresses decreased photosynthesis and stomatal conductance more than Al or WD separately.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing aluminum and water deficit reduced shoot, root and total dry matter yields.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased Al and WD stresses decreased shoot, root and total dry matter yields (DMY).”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum raised shoot to root dry matter ratios.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aluminum increased shoot/root DMY ratios”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit had inconsistent effects on shoot to root dry matter ratios across experiments.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WD increased shoot/root DMY ratios in some experiments and decreased them in others”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf area and root length decreased as aluminum and water deficit increased.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf areas and root lengths decreased similar to other DMY as Al level and WD increased.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing aluminum did not change shoot or root proline.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased Al did not affect proline in shoots and roots.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit raised proline more than aluminum.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water deficit treatments increased proline, and had greater effect than Al.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined aluminum and water deficit produced higher shoot and root proline than either stress alone.
- Treatment
- 200 or 400 $\mu$M Al levels with $-$0.09 or $-$0.13 MPa WDe0
- Outcome
- proline in shoots and rootse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Al or WD separatelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combinations of 200 or 400 $\mu$M Al levels with $-$0.09 or $-$0.13 MPa WD resulted in higher proline in shoots and roots than Al or WD separately.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoots contained more proline than roots.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoots had higher proline than roots.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum did not affect shoot organic acids.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot organic acids were not affected when grown with Al.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 micromolar aluminum, root t-aconitic acid was lower than controls.
- Treatment
- 200 $\mu$M Ale0
- Outcome
- t-Aconitic acid in rootse0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“t-Aconitic acid in roots was less in plants grown with 200 $\mu$M Al than in plants grown at control treatment.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Control shoots had more fumaric and oxalic acids than water deficit shoots.
- Treatment
- Controle0
- Outcome
- shoot fumaric and oxalic acidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- WD treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Control compared to WD treatments increased shoot fumaric and oxalic acids.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit affected shoot and root organic acids more than aluminum.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water deficit affected shoot and root organic acids more than Al.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum increased shoot and root phosphorus and aluminum concentrations.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adding Al to nutrient solutions increased shoot and root P and Al”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum decreased shoot sulfur and iron concentrations.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased shoot S and Fe”
t0“sorghum”
e1“Adding Al to nutrient solutions increased shoot and root P and Al and decreased shoot S and Fe”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum decreased shoot and root magnesium, calcium, manganese and zinc concentrations.
- Treatment
- Adding Al to nutrient solutionse0
- Outcome
- shoot and root Mg, Ca, Mn, and Zn concentrationse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adding Al to nutrient solutions increased shoot and root P and Al and decreased shoot S and Fe and shoot and root Mg, Ca, Mn, and Zn concentrations.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit increased shoot and root phosphorus, magnesium and zinc.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water deficit increased shoot and root P, Mg, and Zn”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit decreased shoot and root sulfur, potassium, calcium, manganese and boron.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water deficit increased shoot and root P, Mg, and Zn, and decreased shoot and root S, K, Ca, Mn, and B”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit decreased root iron.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water deficit increased shoot and root P, Mg, and Zn, and decreased shoot and root S, K, Ca, Mn, and B and root Fe.”
t0“sorghum”
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