Abstract
Tomato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary is a serious disease of tomato and potato worldwide. The disease causes severe crop losses in the tomato growing regions of the world. Most of the cultivars grown in the world are reported to be susceptible to late blight. The present study was carried out to minimize help fungicide use through integrated pest management (IPM). ^ The bio-pesticides Azadirachta indica (Neem), Artemisia vulgaris (Mugwort) and Trichoderma viride (fungus) were tested, along with the fungicides Krilaxyl (metalaxyl 8% and mancozeb 64%) and Dithane M-45 (mancozeb 80%) in Nepal during 2000 and 2001. All three bio-pesticides were found to be more effective than the control in reducing development of the disease and they increased yield over the control by 17 to 41%. However, both the fungicides were observed to be even more effective. ^ Two cropping periods, normal and 3 weeks after normal, were tested against the presence of late blight and its effect on yields. Lower disease incidence and better yields were observed to occur after the second planting. ^ Eighty tomato genotypes were evaluated against late blight under field conditions in Nepal and under laboratory conditions at the University of Connecticut. Seven to 12 genotypes were rated as resistant, 13 to 27 as moderately resistant and 34 to 43 as susceptible. For resistant genotypes, correlations between field and laboratory testing were significant and positive. ^ One hundred and three tomato isolates of P. infestans were collected from 15 districts of Nepal. All the isolates were found to be A1 mating type. Fifty isolates tested for metalaxyl sensitivity at 5 and 100 ppm were found to be sensitive to metalaxyl. ^ In conclusion, late blight disease can be controlled using bio-pesticides and fungicides. Use of bio-pesticides can help reduce use of fungicides and resulting environmental pollution. If the cropping period is shifted 3 weeks later than normal planting in Nepal, the disease can also be significantly reduced. Tomato genotypes identified as resistant and moderately resistant to late blight can form the basis of breeding programs that will yield cultivars with superior resistance in the future. ^
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Neem reduced late-blight development relative to control.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Azadirachta indica (Neem)e0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestans
Phytophthora infestanst0pathogen - Outcome
- development of the diseasee1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bio-pesticides Azadirachta indica (Neem), Artemisia vulgaris (Mugwort) and Trichoderma viride (fungus) were tested”
e1“All three bio-pesticides were found to be more effective than the control in reducing development of the disease”
t0“tomato late blight disease Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
Mugwort reduced late-blight development relative to control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Artemisia vulgaris (Mugwort)e0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanst0pathogen
- Outcome
- development of the diseasee1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Artemisia vulgaris (Mugwort)”
e1“All three bio-pesticides were found to be more effective than the control in reducing development of the disease”
t0“tomato late blight disease Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma viride reduced late-blight development relative to control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma viridee0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanst0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Trichoderma viride
Trichoderma viridee0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- development of the diseasee1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma viride (fungus)”
e1“All three bio-pesticides were found to be more effective than the control in reducing development of the disease”
t0“tomato late blight disease Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
The three biopesticides increased tomato yield by 17 to 41% relative to control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- theye0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanst0pathogen
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17 to 41%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they increased yield over the control by 17 to 41%”
t0“tomato late blight disease Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
Both tested fungicides were more effective than the biopesticides.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- the fungicides Krilaxyl (metalaxyl 8% and mancozeb 64%) and Dithane M-45 (mancozeb 80%)e0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanst0pathogen
- Outcome
- even more effectivee1
- Direction
- even more effectivee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the fungicides Krilaxyl (metalaxyl 8% and mancozeb 64%) and Dithane M-45 (mancozeb 80%)”
e1“both the fungicides were observed to be even more effective”
t0“tomato late blight disease Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
Planting three weeks later reduced late-blight incidence.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 3 weeks after normale0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanst0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidencee1
- Direction
- Lowere1
- Comparator
- normale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two cropping periods, normal and 3 weeks after normal, were tested”
e1“Lower disease incidence and better yields were observed to occur after the second planting”
t0“tomato late blight disease Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
Planting three weeks later increased tomato yields.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 3 weeks after normale0
- Outcome
- yieldse1
- Direction
- bettere1
- Comparator
- normale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two cropping periods, normal and 3 weeks after normal, were tested”
e1“Lower disease incidence and better yields were observed to occur after the second planting”
t0“tomato late blight disease Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
Seven to twelve tomato genotypes were rated resistant to late blight.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanst0pathogen
- Outcome
- rated as resistante0
- Value
- Seven to 12 genotypese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seven to 12 genotypes were rated as resistant”
t0“tomato late blight disease Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
Thirteen to twenty-seven tomato genotypes were moderately resistant.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanst0pathogen
- Outcome
- moderately resistante0
- Value
- 13 to 27e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“13 to 27 as moderately resistant”
t0“tomato late blight disease Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
Thirty-four to forty-three tomato genotypes were susceptible.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanst0pathogen
- Outcome
- susceptiblee0
- Value
- 34 to 43e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“34 to 43 as susceptible”
t0“tomato late blight disease Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
Field and laboratory resistance ratings were significantly positively correlated for resistant tomato genotypes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- resistant genotypese0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanst0pathogen
- Outcome
- correlations between field and laboratory testinge0
- Direction
- positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For resistant genotypes, correlations between field and laboratory testing were significant and positive”
t0“tomato late blight disease Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
All collected tomato late-blight isolates were A1 mating type.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- P. infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- A1 mating typee0
- Value
- One hundred and threee0
- Setting
- Nepale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“One hundred and three tomato isolates of P. infestans were collected from 15 districts of Nepal. All the isolates were found to be A1 mating type.”
t0“tomato late blight disease Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
All fifty tested tomato late-blight isolates were sensitive to metalaxyl at 5 and 100 ppm.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- metalaxyle0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanst0pathogen
- Outcome
- sensitive to metalaxyle0
- Value
- Fifty isolatese0
- Qualifier
- at 5 and 100 ppme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fifty isolates tested for metalaxyl sensitivity at 5 and 100 ppm were found to be sensitive to metalaxyl”
t0“tomato late blight disease Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that biopesticides and fungicides can control tomato late blight.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanst0pathogen
- Outcome
- controlled using bio-pesticides and fungicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“late blight disease can be controlled using bio-pesticides and fungicides”
t0“tomato late blight disease Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose biopesticide use to reduce fungicide use and environmental pollution.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- reduce use of fungicides and resulting environmental pollutione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Use of bio-pesticides can help reduce use of fungicides and resulting environmental pollution”
t0“tomato late blight disease Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend shifting planting in Nepal three weeks later to significantly reduce disease.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanst0pathogen
- Outcome
- the disease can also be significantly reducede0
- Setting
- Nepale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“If the cropping period is shifted 3 weeks later than normal planting in Nepal, the disease can also be significantly reduced”
t0“tomato late blight disease Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose resistant and moderately resistant tomato genotypes as breeding material for future resistance.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- genotypes identified as resistant and moderately resistante0
- Outcome
- basis of breeding programs that will yield cultivars with superior resistancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato genotypes identified as resistant and moderately resistant to late blight can form the basis of breeding programs that will yield cultivars with superior resistance in the future”
The same questions in other papers
Trichoderma viride · Phytophthora infestans · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
mancozeb · Phytophthora infestans · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
metalaxyl · Phytophthora infestans · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
fungicide · Phytophthora infestans · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →botanical · Phytophthora infestans · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
23 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
21 papers more in this group
See all 25 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.