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“yield decrease”

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2020

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paper W4289101983 ✕

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

RF40 significantly increased yield by 13.9% compared with RF60.

Taxon: Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: RF40e4
Outcome: yielde4
Direction: increasede4
Value: 13.9%e4
Comparator: RF60e4

Verbatim

e4
“Among the three RF treatments, RF40 and RF80 significantly increased the yield by 13.9% and 17.2%, respectively, compared with RF60”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1184–1315

t0
“Increase Winter Wheat Yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 70–97

Title

Optimized Ridge–Furrow Ratio to Decrease Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Increase Winter Wheat Yield in Dry Semi-Humid Areas

Xiaoli Liu; Yandong Wang; Xiaolong Ren; et al. Agronomy 2022. doi:10.3390/agronomy12081815

Other claims from this paper (17)

Intervention effect Ridge-furrow planting raised furrow soil temperature compared with flat planting.
Intervention effect Ridge-furrow planting promoted soil moisture in the furrows during the vegetative period compared with flat planting.
Association Soil temperature of the furrows slightly increased with furrow width.
Association Soil moisture obviously decreased under the three RF practices.
Intervention effect In a wet year, FP significantly increased winter wheat yield by 43.6% compared with RF.
Intervention effect In a normal year, RF gave higher winter wheat yield than FP, the opposite of the wet year.
Intervention effect RF80 significantly increased yield by 17.2% compared with RF60.
Intervention effect All RF treatments increased the flux of N2O and CO2 emissions compared with FP.
Intervention effect All RF treatments reduced CH4 absorption compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:40 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 99.6% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:60 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 53.4% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:80 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 31.3% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:40 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 55.8% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:60 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 45.3% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:80 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 0.7% compared with FP.
Recommendation Conventional flat planting in wet years is recommended to reduce GHG emissions while sustaining winter wheat productivity.
Recommendation A ridge-furrow ratio of 40:71 cm is recommended in normal years to reduce GHG emissions while sustaining winter wheat productivity.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

RF80 significantly increased yield by 17.2% compared with RF60.

Taxon: Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: RF80e4
Outcome: yielde4
Direction: increasede4
Value: 17.2%e4
Comparator: RF60e4

Verbatim

e4
“Among the three RF treatments, RF40 and RF80 significantly increased the yield by 13.9% and 17.2%, respectively, compared with RF60”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1184–1315

t0
“Increase Winter Wheat Yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 70–97

Title

Optimized Ridge–Furrow Ratio to Decrease Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Increase Winter Wheat Yield in Dry Semi-Humid Areas

Xiaoli Liu; Yandong Wang; Xiaolong Ren; et al. Agronomy 2022. doi:10.3390/agronomy12081815

Other claims from this paper (17)

Intervention effect Ridge-furrow planting raised furrow soil temperature compared with flat planting.
Intervention effect Ridge-furrow planting promoted soil moisture in the furrows during the vegetative period compared with flat planting.
Association Soil temperature of the furrows slightly increased with furrow width.
Association Soil moisture obviously decreased under the three RF practices.
Intervention effect In a wet year, FP significantly increased winter wheat yield by 43.6% compared with RF.
Intervention effect In a normal year, RF gave higher winter wheat yield than FP, the opposite of the wet year.
Intervention effect RF40 significantly increased yield by 13.9% compared with RF60.
Intervention effect All RF treatments increased the flux of N2O and CO2 emissions compared with FP.
Intervention effect All RF treatments reduced CH4 absorption compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:40 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 99.6% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:60 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 53.4% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:80 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 31.3% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:40 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 55.8% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:60 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 45.3% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:80 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 0.7% compared with FP.
Recommendation Conventional flat planting in wet years is recommended to reduce GHG emissions while sustaining winter wheat productivity.
Recommendation A ridge-furrow ratio of 40:71 cm is recommended in normal years to reduce GHG emissions while sustaining winter wheat productivity.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

In a wet year, FP significantly increased winter wheat yield by 43.6% compared with RF.

Taxon: winter wheatTriticum aestivume3
Treatment: FPe3
Outcome: winter wheat yielde3
Direction: increasede3
Value: 43.6%e3
Comparator: RFe3
Setting: wet year (2017–2018)e3

Verbatim

e3
“In a wet year (2017–2018), FP significantly increased the winter wheat yield (43.6%) compared with RF, while the opposite was the case in a normal year (2018–2019)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1019–1182

t0
“Increase Winter Wheat Yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 70–97

Title

Optimized Ridge–Furrow Ratio to Decrease Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Increase Winter Wheat Yield in Dry Semi-Humid Areas

Xiaoli Liu; Yandong Wang; Xiaolong Ren; et al. Agronomy 2022. doi:10.3390/agronomy12081815

Other claims from this paper (17)

Intervention effect Ridge-furrow planting raised furrow soil temperature compared with flat planting.
Intervention effect Ridge-furrow planting promoted soil moisture in the furrows during the vegetative period compared with flat planting.
Association Soil temperature of the furrows slightly increased with furrow width.
Association Soil moisture obviously decreased under the three RF practices.
Intervention effect In a normal year, RF gave higher winter wheat yield than FP, the opposite of the wet year.
Intervention effect RF40 significantly increased yield by 13.9% compared with RF60.
Intervention effect RF80 significantly increased yield by 17.2% compared with RF60.
Intervention effect All RF treatments increased the flux of N2O and CO2 emissions compared with FP.
Intervention effect All RF treatments reduced CH4 absorption compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:40 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 99.6% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:60 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 53.4% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:80 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 31.3% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:40 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 55.8% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:60 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 45.3% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:80 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 0.7% compared with FP.
Recommendation Conventional flat planting in wet years is recommended to reduce GHG emissions while sustaining winter wheat productivity.
Recommendation A ridge-furrow ratio of 40:71 cm is recommended in normal years to reduce GHG emissions while sustaining winter wheat productivity.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

In a normal year, RF gave higher winter wheat yield than FP, the opposite of the wet year.

Taxon: winter wheatTriticum aestivume3
Treatment: RFe3
Outcome: winter wheat yielde3
Direction: higherinferrede3
Comparator: FPe3
Setting: normal year (2018–2019)e3

Verbatim

e3
“In a wet year (2017–2018), FP significantly increased the winter wheat yield (43.6%) compared with RF, while the opposite was the case in a normal year (2018–2019)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1019–1182

t0
“Increase Winter Wheat Yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 70–97

Title

Optimized Ridge–Furrow Ratio to Decrease Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Increase Winter Wheat Yield in Dry Semi-Humid Areas

Xiaoli Liu; Yandong Wang; Xiaolong Ren; et al. Agronomy 2022. doi:10.3390/agronomy12081815

Other claims from this paper (17)

Intervention effect Ridge-furrow planting raised furrow soil temperature compared with flat planting.
Intervention effect Ridge-furrow planting promoted soil moisture in the furrows during the vegetative period compared with flat planting.
Association Soil temperature of the furrows slightly increased with furrow width.
Association Soil moisture obviously decreased under the three RF practices.
Intervention effect In a wet year, FP significantly increased winter wheat yield by 43.6% compared with RF.
Intervention effect RF40 significantly increased yield by 13.9% compared with RF60.
Intervention effect RF80 significantly increased yield by 17.2% compared with RF60.
Intervention effect All RF treatments increased the flux of N2O and CO2 emissions compared with FP.
Intervention effect All RF treatments reduced CH4 absorption compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:40 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 99.6% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:60 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 53.4% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:80 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 31.3% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:40 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 55.8% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:60 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 45.3% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:80 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 0.7% compared with FP.
Recommendation Conventional flat planting in wet years is recommended to reduce GHG emissions while sustaining winter wheat productivity.
Recommendation A ridge-furrow ratio of 40:71 cm is recommended in normal years to reduce GHG emissions while sustaining winter wheat productivity.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Ridge-furrow planting raised furrow soil temperature compared with flat planting.

Taxon: Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: RFe1
Outcome: soil temperaturee1
Direction: increasede1
Comparator: FPe1

Verbatim

e1
“Compared with FP, RF increased the soil temperature and promoted soil moisture in the furrows during the vegetative growth period”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 729–858

t0
“Increase Winter Wheat Yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 70–97

Title

Optimized Ridge–Furrow Ratio to Decrease Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Increase Winter Wheat Yield in Dry Semi-Humid Areas

Xiaoli Liu; Yandong Wang; Xiaolong Ren; et al. Agronomy 2022. doi:10.3390/agronomy12081815

Other claims from this paper (17)

Intervention effect Ridge-furrow planting promoted soil moisture in the furrows during the vegetative period compared with flat planting.
Association Soil temperature of the furrows slightly increased with furrow width.
Association Soil moisture obviously decreased under the three RF practices.
Intervention effect In a wet year, FP significantly increased winter wheat yield by 43.6% compared with RF.
Intervention effect In a normal year, RF gave higher winter wheat yield than FP, the opposite of the wet year.
Intervention effect RF40 significantly increased yield by 13.9% compared with RF60.
Intervention effect RF80 significantly increased yield by 17.2% compared with RF60.
Intervention effect All RF treatments increased the flux of N2O and CO2 emissions compared with FP.
Intervention effect All RF treatments reduced CH4 absorption compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:40 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 99.6% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:60 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 53.4% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:80 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 31.3% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:40 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 55.8% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:60 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 45.3% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:80 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 0.7% compared with FP.
Recommendation Conventional flat planting in wet years is recommended to reduce GHG emissions while sustaining winter wheat productivity.
Recommendation A ridge-furrow ratio of 40:71 cm is recommended in normal years to reduce GHG emissions while sustaining winter wheat productivity.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

All RF treatments reduced CH4 absorption compared with FP.

Taxon: Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: all of the RF treatmentse5
Outcome: CH4 absorptione5
Direction: reducede5
Comparator: FPe5

Verbatim

e5
“Compared with FP, all of the RF treatments increased the flux of N2O and CO2 emissions but reduced CH4 absorption”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1317–1430

t0
“Increase Winter Wheat Yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 70–97

Title

Optimized Ridge–Furrow Ratio to Decrease Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Increase Winter Wheat Yield in Dry Semi-Humid Areas

Xiaoli Liu; Yandong Wang; Xiaolong Ren; et al. Agronomy 2022. doi:10.3390/agronomy12081815

Other claims from this paper (17)

Intervention effect Ridge-furrow planting raised furrow soil temperature compared with flat planting.
Intervention effect Ridge-furrow planting promoted soil moisture in the furrows during the vegetative period compared with flat planting.
Association Soil temperature of the furrows slightly increased with furrow width.
Association Soil moisture obviously decreased under the three RF practices.
Intervention effect In a wet year, FP significantly increased winter wheat yield by 43.6% compared with RF.
Intervention effect In a normal year, RF gave higher winter wheat yield than FP, the opposite of the wet year.
Intervention effect RF40 significantly increased yield by 13.9% compared with RF60.
Intervention effect RF80 significantly increased yield by 17.2% compared with RF60.
Intervention effect All RF treatments increased the flux of N2O and CO2 emissions compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:40 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 99.6% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:60 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 53.4% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:80 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 31.3% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:40 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 55.8% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:60 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 45.3% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:80 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 0.7% compared with FP.
Recommendation Conventional flat planting in wet years is recommended to reduce GHG emissions while sustaining winter wheat productivity.
Recommendation A ridge-furrow ratio of 40:71 cm is recommended in normal years to reduce GHG emissions while sustaining winter wheat productivity.

Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Soil moisture obviously decreased under the three RF practices.

Taxon: Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: three RF practicese2
Outcome: soil moisturee2
Direction: obviously decreasede2

Verbatim

e2
“However, the soil temperature of the furrows slightly increased with furrow width, whereas the soil moisture obviously decreased under the three RF practices”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 860–1017

t0
“Increase Winter Wheat Yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 70–97

Title

Optimized Ridge–Furrow Ratio to Decrease Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Increase Winter Wheat Yield in Dry Semi-Humid Areas

Xiaoli Liu; Yandong Wang; Xiaolong Ren; et al. Agronomy 2022. doi:10.3390/agronomy12081815

Other claims from this paper (17)

Intervention effect Ridge-furrow planting raised furrow soil temperature compared with flat planting.
Intervention effect Ridge-furrow planting promoted soil moisture in the furrows during the vegetative period compared with flat planting.
Association Soil temperature of the furrows slightly increased with furrow width.
Intervention effect In a wet year, FP significantly increased winter wheat yield by 43.6% compared with RF.
Intervention effect In a normal year, RF gave higher winter wheat yield than FP, the opposite of the wet year.
Intervention effect RF40 significantly increased yield by 13.9% compared with RF60.
Intervention effect RF80 significantly increased yield by 17.2% compared with RF60.
Intervention effect All RF treatments increased the flux of N2O and CO2 emissions compared with FP.
Intervention effect All RF treatments reduced CH4 absorption compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:40 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 99.6% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:60 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 53.4% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:80 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 31.3% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:40 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 55.8% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:60 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 45.3% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:80 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 0.7% compared with FP.
Recommendation Conventional flat planting in wet years is recommended to reduce GHG emissions while sustaining winter wheat productivity.
Recommendation A ridge-furrow ratio of 40:71 cm is recommended in normal years to reduce GHG emissions while sustaining winter wheat productivity.

Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Soil temperature of the furrows slightly increased with furrow width.

Taxon: Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: furrow widthe2
Outcome: soil temperature of the furrowse2
Direction: slightly increasede2

Verbatim

e2
“However, the soil temperature of the furrows slightly increased with furrow width, whereas the soil moisture obviously decreased under the three RF practices”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 860–1017

t0
“Increase Winter Wheat Yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 70–97

Title

Optimized Ridge–Furrow Ratio to Decrease Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Increase Winter Wheat Yield in Dry Semi-Humid Areas

Xiaoli Liu; Yandong Wang; Xiaolong Ren; et al. Agronomy 2022. doi:10.3390/agronomy12081815

Other claims from this paper (17)

Intervention effect Ridge-furrow planting raised furrow soil temperature compared with flat planting.
Intervention effect Ridge-furrow planting promoted soil moisture in the furrows during the vegetative period compared with flat planting.
Association Soil moisture obviously decreased under the three RF practices.
Intervention effect In a wet year, FP significantly increased winter wheat yield by 43.6% compared with RF.
Intervention effect In a normal year, RF gave higher winter wheat yield than FP, the opposite of the wet year.
Intervention effect RF40 significantly increased yield by 13.9% compared with RF60.
Intervention effect RF80 significantly increased yield by 17.2% compared with RF60.
Intervention effect All RF treatments increased the flux of N2O and CO2 emissions compared with FP.
Intervention effect All RF treatments reduced CH4 absorption compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:40 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 99.6% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:60 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 53.4% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:80 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 31.3% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:40 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 55.8% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:60 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 45.3% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:80 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 0.7% compared with FP.
Recommendation Conventional flat planting in wet years is recommended to reduce GHG emissions while sustaining winter wheat productivity.
Recommendation A ridge-furrow ratio of 40:71 cm is recommended in normal years to reduce GHG emissions while sustaining winter wheat productivity.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Ridge-furrow planting promoted soil moisture in the furrows during the vegetative period compared with flat planting.

Taxon: Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: RFe1
Outcome: soil moisture in the furrowse1
Direction: promotede1
Comparator: FPe1
Setting: vegetative growth periode1

Verbatim

e1
“Compared with FP, RF increased the soil temperature and promoted soil moisture in the furrows during the vegetative growth period”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 729–858

t0
“Increase Winter Wheat Yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 70–97

Title

Optimized Ridge–Furrow Ratio to Decrease Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Increase Winter Wheat Yield in Dry Semi-Humid Areas

Xiaoli Liu; Yandong Wang; Xiaolong Ren; et al. Agronomy 2022. doi:10.3390/agronomy12081815

Other claims from this paper (17)

Intervention effect Ridge-furrow planting raised furrow soil temperature compared with flat planting.
Association Soil temperature of the furrows slightly increased with furrow width.
Association Soil moisture obviously decreased under the three RF practices.
Intervention effect In a wet year, FP significantly increased winter wheat yield by 43.6% compared with RF.
Intervention effect In a normal year, RF gave higher winter wheat yield than FP, the opposite of the wet year.
Intervention effect RF40 significantly increased yield by 13.9% compared with RF60.
Intervention effect RF80 significantly increased yield by 17.2% compared with RF60.
Intervention effect All RF treatments increased the flux of N2O and CO2 emissions compared with FP.
Intervention effect All RF treatments reduced CH4 absorption compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:40 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 99.6% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:60 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 53.4% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:80 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 31.3% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:40 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 55.8% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:60 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 45.3% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:80 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 0.7% compared with FP.
Recommendation Conventional flat planting in wet years is recommended to reduce GHG emissions while sustaining winter wheat productivity.
Recommendation A ridge-furrow ratio of 40:71 cm is recommended in normal years to reduce GHG emissions while sustaining winter wheat productivity.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

All RF treatments increased the flux of N2O and CO2 emissions compared with FP.

Taxon: Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: all of the RF treatmentse5
Outcome: the flux of N2O and CO2 emissionse5
Direction: increasede5
Comparator: FPe5

Verbatim

e5
“Compared with FP, all of the RF treatments increased the flux of N2O and CO2 emissions but reduced CH4 absorption”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1317–1430

t0
“Increase Winter Wheat Yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 70–97

Title

Optimized Ridge–Furrow Ratio to Decrease Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Increase Winter Wheat Yield in Dry Semi-Humid Areas

Xiaoli Liu; Yandong Wang; Xiaolong Ren; et al. Agronomy 2022. doi:10.3390/agronomy12081815

Other claims from this paper (17)

Intervention effect Ridge-furrow planting raised furrow soil temperature compared with flat planting.
Intervention effect Ridge-furrow planting promoted soil moisture in the furrows during the vegetative period compared with flat planting.
Association Soil temperature of the furrows slightly increased with furrow width.
Association Soil moisture obviously decreased under the three RF practices.
Intervention effect In a wet year, FP significantly increased winter wheat yield by 43.6% compared with RF.
Intervention effect In a normal year, RF gave higher winter wheat yield than FP, the opposite of the wet year.
Intervention effect RF40 significantly increased yield by 13.9% compared with RF60.
Intervention effect RF80 significantly increased yield by 17.2% compared with RF60.
Intervention effect All RF treatments reduced CH4 absorption compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:40 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 99.6% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:60 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 53.4% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:80 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GWP by 31.3% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:40 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 55.8% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:60 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 45.3% compared with FP.
Intervention effect RF with 40:80 cm ridge-furrow ratio increased GHGI by 0.7% compared with FP.
Recommendation Conventional flat planting in wet years is recommended to reduce GHG emissions while sustaining winter wheat productivity.
Recommendation A ridge-furrow ratio of 40:71 cm is recommended in normal years to reduce GHG emissions while sustaining winter wheat productivity.

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“yield decrease”

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