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“yield decrease”

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Organism: Spinacia oleracea ✕

Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Ozone exposure decreased economic yield.

Taxon: spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
Outcome: economic yielde0
Direction: decreasee0

Verbatim

e0
“Various degrees of decrease in leaf area, net photosynthesis rate, biomass and economic yield were observed”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 609–716

t0
“spinach”
✓ located after whitespace/quote normalisation · title, characters 68–75

Title

Influences of Different Ozone Concentrations and Fumigation Days on Spinach Growth and Yield

Jianping Guo Zhongguo nongye Kexue 2004

Other claims from this paper (10)

Observation Spinach at 2.23×10-9 mol稬-1 O3 had no visible symptoms.
Intervention effect 8.93×10-9 mol稬-1 ozone induced acute injury.
Intervention effect 4.46×10-9 mol稬-1 ozone induced acute injury.
Association Injury degree was related to ozone concentration and fumigation days.
Intervention effect Increasing ozone concentration dwarfed plants and caused early senescence.
Observation Ozone exposure decreased leaf area.
Observation Ozone exposure decreased net photosynthesis rate.
Observation Ozone exposure decreased biomass.
Observation Ozone injury responses differed over time.
Intervention effect Present background ozone concentration suppressed spinach relative to ≤4.46×10-10 mol稬-1.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Continued digestion inhibited saturated Hill reaction rates and decreased quantum yield.

Taxon: spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
Treatment: Continued digestione0
Outcome: saturated rates of Hill reaction activity and a decrease in quantum yielde0
Direction: decreasee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Continued digestion led to inhibition of saturated rates of Hill reaction activity and a decrease in quantum yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 110–224

t0
“spinach chloroplasts”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 13–33

Title

Some Effects of Hydrolytic Enzymes on Coupled and Uncoupled Electron Flow in Chloroplasts

Kenneth E. Mantai PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1970. doi:10.1104/pp.45.5.563

Other claims from this paper (8)

Intervention effect Pancreatic lipase uncoupled electron transport in spinach chloroplasts.
Intervention effect Trypsin uncoupled electron transport in spinach chloroplasts.
Intervention effect Ultraviolet irradiation decreased quantum yield and inhibited Hill activity without uncoupling.
Intervention effect Enzyme treatments and ultraviolet irradiation did not appreciably inhibit NADP reduction.
Intervention effect Carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone became a potent electron-transport inhibitor after trypsin treatment.
Intervention effect Carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone inhibited electron transport in fixed chloroplasts.
Intervention effect Glutaraldehyde fixation greatly reduced inhibitory effects of lipase and trypsin digestion.
Intervention effect Glutaraldehyde fixation did not reduce inhibition by ultraviolet irradiation.

Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Variable fluorescence yield decreased, reflecting lower photosystem II quantum yield.

Taxon: spinachSpinacia oleraceae1
Outcome: variable fluorescence yielde0
Direction: decreasee0

Verbatim

e0
“A decrease in variable fluorescence yield reflects a lowering of photosystem II quantum yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1028–1121

e1
“intact spinach leaves with SO 2”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 51–82

Title

SO₂ Injury in Intact Leaves, as Detected by Chlorophyll Fluorescence

Wolfgang Schmidt; Ulrich Schreiber; Wolfgang Urbach Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 1988. doi:10.1515/znc-1988-3-419

Other claims from this paper (5)

Method / resource Slow induction kinetics with saturation pulses was the most sensitive fluorescence measurement for SO2 injury.
Observation SO2 caused primary damage at Calvin cycle enzymatic reactions.
Observation Longer fumigation made photosystem II damage apparent.
Observation Fluorescence relaxation slowed, indicating affected secondary electron transport.
Association Detrimental SO2 effects depended strongly on light during fumigation.

Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Ozone exposure decreased biomass.

Taxon: spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
Outcome: biomasse0
Direction: decreasee0

Verbatim

e0
“Various degrees of decrease in leaf area, net photosynthesis rate, biomass and economic yield were observed”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 609–716

t0
“spinach”
✓ located after whitespace/quote normalisation · title, characters 68–75

Title

Influences of Different Ozone Concentrations and Fumigation Days on Spinach Growth and Yield

Jianping Guo Zhongguo nongye Kexue 2004

Other claims from this paper (10)

Observation Spinach at 2.23×10-9 mol稬-1 O3 had no visible symptoms.
Intervention effect 8.93×10-9 mol稬-1 ozone induced acute injury.
Intervention effect 4.46×10-9 mol稬-1 ozone induced acute injury.
Association Injury degree was related to ozone concentration and fumigation days.
Intervention effect Increasing ozone concentration dwarfed plants and caused early senescence.
Observation Ozone exposure decreased leaf area.
Observation Ozone exposure decreased net photosynthesis rate.
Observation Ozone exposure decreased economic yield.
Observation Ozone injury responses differed over time.
Intervention effect Present background ozone concentration suppressed spinach relative to ≤4.46×10-10 mol稬-1.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

spinach dry matter yield decreased under cadmium exposure.

Taxon: spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
Treatment: Cde0
Outcome: dry matter yielde0
Direction: decreasee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

t0
“raya (Brassica juncea) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 84–138

e0
“There was a decrease in dry matter yield due to the phytotoxic effect of Cd.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 460–536

Title

Effect of cadmium-contaminated soils on dry matter yield and mineral composition of raya (Brassica juncea) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea)

V. Sidhu; M. Khurana Acta Agronomica Hungarica 2010. doi:10.1556/aagr.58.2010.4.9

Other claims from this paper (18)

Intervention effect raya dry matter yield decreased under cadmium exposure.
Intervention effect raya shoot dry matter yield declined significantly at 20 mg Cd kg −1 soil.
Intervention effect spinach shoot dry matter yield declined significantly at 20 mg Cd kg −1 soil.
Intervention effect raya root yield declined at 20 mg Cd kg −1 soil.
Intervention effect spinach root yield declined at 10 mg Cd kg −1 soil.
Observation Raya leaves showed no visible toxicity symptoms across treatments.
Observation Spinach leaves showed chlorosis, necrosis and rolling above 40 mg kg −1 soil.
Association Root and shoot growth reduction corresponded with extractable soil cadmium.
Association raya cadmium content rose with applied cadmium rate.
Observation raya roots accumulated more cadmium than shoots.
Association spinach cadmium content rose with applied cadmium rate.
Observation spinach roots accumulated more cadmium than shoots.
Association raya showed a synergistic Cd relationship with Zn and Fe at lower rates.
Association raya showed an antagonistic Cd relationship with Zn and Fe at higher rates.
Association raya showed negative antagonistic Cd relationships with Mn and Cu.
Association spinach showed a synergistic Cd relationship with Zn and Fe at lower rates.
Association spinach showed an antagonistic Cd relationship with Zn and Fe at higher rates.
Association spinach showed negative antagonistic Cd relationships with Mn and Cu.

Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Ozone exposure decreased leaf area.

Taxon: spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
Outcome: leaf areae0
Direction: decreasee0

Verbatim

e0
“Various degrees of decrease in leaf area, net photosynthesis rate, biomass and economic yield were observed”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 609–716

t0
“spinach”
✓ located after whitespace/quote normalisation · title, characters 68–75

Title

Influences of Different Ozone Concentrations and Fumigation Days on Spinach Growth and Yield

Jianping Guo Zhongguo nongye Kexue 2004

Other claims from this paper (10)

Observation Spinach at 2.23×10-9 mol稬-1 O3 had no visible symptoms.
Intervention effect 8.93×10-9 mol稬-1 ozone induced acute injury.
Intervention effect 4.46×10-9 mol稬-1 ozone induced acute injury.
Association Injury degree was related to ozone concentration and fumigation days.
Intervention effect Increasing ozone concentration dwarfed plants and caused early senescence.
Observation Ozone exposure decreased net photosynthesis rate.
Observation Ozone exposure decreased biomass.
Observation Ozone exposure decreased economic yield.
Observation Ozone injury responses differed over time.
Intervention effect Present background ozone concentration suppressed spinach relative to ≤4.46×10-10 mol稬-1.

Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

The shoot growth decrease threshold for most cultivars was between 0.06 and 0.10 ppm.

Taxon: spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
Outcome: shoot growthe0
Direction: decreasee0
Value: between 0.06 and 0.10 ppme0

Verbatim

e0
“The threshold for a significant decrease in shoot growth of most spinach cultivars was between 0.06 and 0.10 ppm.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1011–1124

Title

Injury and Yield Responses of Spinach Cultivars to Chronic Doses of Ozone in Open‐Top Field Chambers

A. S. Heagle; R. B. Philbeck; M. B. Letchworth Journal of Environmental Quality 1979. doi:10.2134/jeq1979.00472425000800030021x

Other claims from this paper (9)

Observation Eleven cultivars differed significantly in ozone-associated foliar injury and shoot growth decrease.
Observation America, Winter Bloomsdale and Seven-R had less foliar injury than Chesapeake, Hybrid-612 and Dixie Market.
Observation America and Viroflay had less shoot growth effect than most cultivars.
Observation Hybrid-612 and Dark Green Bloomsdale had more shoot growth effect than most cultivars.
Observation The foliar injury threshold was between 0.02 and 0.06 ppm mean ozone.
Intervention effect Ground-grown spinach at 0.06 ppm had 18% less shoot fresh weight than at 0.02 ppm.
Intervention effect Ground-grown spinach at 0.10 ppm had 37% less shoot fresh weight than at 0.02 ppm.
Intervention effect Ground-grown spinach at 0.13 ppm had 69% less shoot fresh weight than at 0.02 ppm.
Observation Potted spinach showed comparative shoot fresh weight reductions of 4, 25 and 65% across the reported ozone doses.

Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Ozone exposure decreased net photosynthesis rate.

Taxon: spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
Outcome: net photosynthesis ratee0
Direction: decreasee0

Verbatim

e0
“Various degrees of decrease in leaf area, net photosynthesis rate, biomass and economic yield were observed”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 609–716

t0
“spinach”
✓ located after whitespace/quote normalisation · title, characters 68–75

Title

Influences of Different Ozone Concentrations and Fumigation Days on Spinach Growth and Yield

Jianping Guo Zhongguo nongye Kexue 2004

Other claims from this paper (10)

Observation Spinach at 2.23×10-9 mol稬-1 O3 had no visible symptoms.
Intervention effect 8.93×10-9 mol稬-1 ozone induced acute injury.
Intervention effect 4.46×10-9 mol稬-1 ozone induced acute injury.
Association Injury degree was related to ozone concentration and fumigation days.
Intervention effect Increasing ozone concentration dwarfed plants and caused early senescence.
Observation Ozone exposure decreased leaf area.
Observation Ozone exposure decreased biomass.
Observation Ozone exposure decreased economic yield.
Observation Ozone injury responses differed over time.
Intervention effect Present background ozone concentration suppressed spinach relative to ≤4.46×10-10 mol稬-1.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

spinach chloroplast fluorescence yield decreased reversibly on irradiation at 77°K.

Taxon: spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
Treatment: irradiation at 77°Ke1
Outcome: fluorescence yield of chlorophylle1
Direction: decreasee1

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Some photoreactions of photosynthetic materials (corn chloroplasts, spinach chloroplasts and subchloroplast particles rich in System II) are examined at 77°K”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–157

e1
“The fluorescence yield of chlorophyll is observed to decrease reversibly upon irradiation at 77°K”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 159–256

Title

Low Temperature Reactions in Chloroplasts

Seymour Steven Brody Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 1970. doi:10.1515/znb-1970-0817

Other claims from this paper (5)

Intervention effect corn chloroplast fluorescence yield decreased reversibly on irradiation at 77°K.
Intervention effect ferricyanide increases chloroplast fluorescence decline.
Intervention effect benzylviologen inhibits chloroplast fluorescence decline.
Intervention effect phenazine methosulfate inhibits chloroplast fluorescence decline.
Intervention effect Extracts of Ricinus communis leaf (castor bean) inhibits chloroplast fluorescence decline.

Observationobservedoriginal resultsignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Eleven cultivars differed significantly in ozone-associated foliar injury and shoot growth decrease.

Taxon: spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
Treatment: 0.13 ppm of O 3e0
Outcome: foliar injury and shoot growth decreasee0
Value: 11 spinach cultivarse0

Verbatim

e0
“There were significant differences in the amount of foliar injury and shoot growth decrease among 11 spinach cultivars exposed for 7 hours/day to 0.13 ppm of O 3”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 334–495

Title

Injury and Yield Responses of Spinach Cultivars to Chronic Doses of Ozone in Open‐Top Field Chambers

A. S. Heagle; R. B. Philbeck; M. B. Letchworth Journal of Environmental Quality 1979. doi:10.2134/jeq1979.00472425000800030021x

Other claims from this paper (9)

Observation America, Winter Bloomsdale and Seven-R had less foliar injury than Chesapeake, Hybrid-612 and Dixie Market.
Observation America and Viroflay had less shoot growth effect than most cultivars.
Observation Hybrid-612 and Dark Green Bloomsdale had more shoot growth effect than most cultivars.
Observation The foliar injury threshold was between 0.02 and 0.06 ppm mean ozone.
Observation The shoot growth decrease threshold for most cultivars was between 0.06 and 0.10 ppm.
Intervention effect Ground-grown spinach at 0.06 ppm had 18% less shoot fresh weight than at 0.02 ppm.
Intervention effect Ground-grown spinach at 0.10 ppm had 37% less shoot fresh weight than at 0.02 ppm.
Intervention effect Ground-grown spinach at 0.13 ppm had 69% less shoot fresh weight than at 0.02 ppm.
Observation Potted spinach showed comparative shoot fresh weight reductions of 4, 25 and 65% across the reported ozone doses.

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