Search claims · PlantClaims

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Dividend-Star 36 FS seed dressing reduced seedling mortality to 1.69% versus the control plots.

Taxon: barleyHordeum vulgaree0
Treatment: Dividend-Star 36 FSe5
Interactor: Ustilago hordeiUstilago hordeie2pathogen
Outcome: seedling mortalitye5
Direction: decreaseinferrede5
Value: 1.69%e5
Comparator: control plotse3

Verbatim

e0
“Barley is an important field crop”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–33

e2
“identify the efficient seed dressing synthetic fungicide against Ustilago hordei causing covered smut of barley”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 69–180

e5
“The seed dressing fungicide Dividend-Star 36 FS ranked third and sowing of barley with Dividend inoculated seed resulted in 171.67 seed germination m-2, 1.69% seedling mortality, 2.51 grains infected by covered smut, 4.85 percent infected grain, 380.67 spikes m-2, 34.61 grains spike-1, 10.30cm spike length and 2980.70kg ha-1 grain yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1244–1582

e3
“The control plots, where the barley was sown without seed inoculation ranked least (4th) and resulted in 159 seed germination m-2, 3.68% seedling mortality, 3.81 grains infected by covered smut, 10.63 percent infected grain, 333.33 spikes m-2, 34.67 grains spike-1, 10.03cm spike length and 2591kg ha-1 yield of the grain”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1584–1905

Title

Identification of Effective Seed Dressing Synthetic Fungicide against Covered Smut of Barley

Nawab Ali Ghouri; Muhammad Waris Phytopathogenomics and Disease Control 2024. doi:10.22194/pdc/3.1034

Other claims from this paper (10)

Intervention effect Topsin-M seed dressing reduced covered-smut infected grain to 2.08 percent versus the control plots.
Intervention effect Topsin-M seed dressing increased barley grain yield to 3220.70 kg/ha versus the control plots.
Intervention effect Topsin-M seed dressing reduced seedling mortality to 0.70% versus the control plots.
Intervention effect Bayton 10 DS seed dressing reduced covered-smut infected grain to 3.05 percent versus the control plots.
Intervention effect Bayton 10 DS seed dressing increased barley grain yield to 3037.70 kg/ha versus the control plots.
Intervention effect Bayton 10 DS seed dressing reduced seedling mortality to 1.11% versus the control plots.
Intervention effect Dividend-Star 36 FS seed dressing reduced covered-smut infected grain to 4.85 percent versus the control plots.
Intervention effect Dividend-Star 36 FS seed dressing increased barley grain yield to 2980.70 kg/ha versus the control plots.
Intervention effect Topsin-M was the best of the treated seed dressing fungicides for minimizing covered smut in barley.
Intervention effect All seed dressing treatments were effective compared with the control and minimized covered smut in barley.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Intercropping increased the mean weight diameter of soil aggregates by 3.00-15.69%.

Treatment: intercroppede4
Outcome: mean weight diameter of soil aggregates (MWD)e5
Direction: increasee5
Value: 3.00-15.69%e5

Not reportedTaxonComparator

Verbatim

e4
“the intercropped maize root length density (RLD) increased by 33.94-102.84% in the 0-40 cm soil layer, which contributed to an increase in the soil porosity (SP) of 5.58-10.10% in the 0-30 cm soil layer”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1300–1502

e5
“an increase in the mean weight diameter of soil aggregates (MWD) of 3.00-15.69%, an increase in the geometric mean diameter of soil aggregates (GMD) of 8.16-26.42%, a decrease in the soil bulk density (SBD) of 4.02-7.35%, and an increase in the soil organic matter content (SOM) of 0.60-4.35%”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1504–1796

Title

Rice Under Dry Cultivation–Maize Intercropping Improves Soil Environment and Increases Total Yield by Regulating Belowground Root Growth

Zhihai Wu; Bei Xue; Shiwen Wang; et al. Plants 2024. doi:10.3390/plants13212957

Other claims from this paper (10)

Intervention effect Rice under dry cultivation-maize intercropping increased total yield by 8.63% compared with monoculture.
Observation Competition indices A, K and ATER were positive or at least 1, indicating a yield advantage of rice-maize intercropping.
Observation The competition ratio (CR) of rice-maize intercropping was positive or at least 1, indicating a yield advantage.
Intervention effect Intercropped maize root length density increased by 33.94-102.84% in the 0-40 cm soil layer.
Intervention effect Intercropping increased soil porosity by 5.58-10.10% in the 0-30 cm soil layer.
Intervention effect Intercropping increased the geometric mean diameter of soil aggregates by 8.16-26.42%.
Intervention effect Intercropping decreased soil bulk density by 4.02-7.35%.
Intervention effect Intercropping increased soil organic matter content by 0.60-4.35%.
Intervention effect Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation in the plant was significantly higher in intercropping than in monoculture.
Recommendation Rice under dry cultivation-maize intercropping is feasible in Northeast China.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Intercropping increased the geometric mean diameter of soil aggregates by 8.16-26.42%.

Treatment: intercroppede4
Outcome: geometric mean diameter of soil aggregates (GMD)e5
Direction: increasee5
Value: 8.16-26.42%e5

Not reportedTaxonComparator

Verbatim

e4
“the intercropped maize root length density (RLD) increased by 33.94-102.84% in the 0-40 cm soil layer, which contributed to an increase in the soil porosity (SP) of 5.58-10.10% in the 0-30 cm soil layer”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1300–1502

e5
“an increase in the mean weight diameter of soil aggregates (MWD) of 3.00-15.69%, an increase in the geometric mean diameter of soil aggregates (GMD) of 8.16-26.42%, a decrease in the soil bulk density (SBD) of 4.02-7.35%, and an increase in the soil organic matter content (SOM) of 0.60-4.35%”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1504–1796

Title

Rice Under Dry Cultivation–Maize Intercropping Improves Soil Environment and Increases Total Yield by Regulating Belowground Root Growth

Zhihai Wu; Bei Xue; Shiwen Wang; et al. Plants 2024. doi:10.3390/plants13212957

Other claims from this paper (10)

Intervention effect Rice under dry cultivation-maize intercropping increased total yield by 8.63% compared with monoculture.
Observation Competition indices A, K and ATER were positive or at least 1, indicating a yield advantage of rice-maize intercropping.
Observation The competition ratio (CR) of rice-maize intercropping was positive or at least 1, indicating a yield advantage.
Intervention effect Intercropped maize root length density increased by 33.94-102.84% in the 0-40 cm soil layer.
Intervention effect Intercropping increased soil porosity by 5.58-10.10% in the 0-30 cm soil layer.
Intervention effect Intercropping increased the mean weight diameter of soil aggregates by 3.00-15.69%.
Intervention effect Intercropping decreased soil bulk density by 4.02-7.35%.
Intervention effect Intercropping increased soil organic matter content by 0.60-4.35%.
Intervention effect Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation in the plant was significantly higher in intercropping than in monoculture.
Recommendation Rice under dry cultivation-maize intercropping is feasible in Northeast China.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Dividend-Star 36 FS seed dressing reduced covered-smut infected grain to 4.85 percent versus the control plots.

Taxon: barleyHordeum vulgaree0
Treatment: Dividend-Star 36 FSe5
Interactor: Ustilago hordeiUstilago hordeie2pathogen
Outcome: infected graine5
Direction: decreaseinferrede5
Value: 4.85 percente5
Comparator: control plotse3

Verbatim

e0
“Barley is an important field crop”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–33

e2
“identify the efficient seed dressing synthetic fungicide against Ustilago hordei causing covered smut of barley”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 69–180

e5
“The seed dressing fungicide Dividend-Star 36 FS ranked third and sowing of barley with Dividend inoculated seed resulted in 171.67 seed germination m-2, 1.69% seedling mortality, 2.51 grains infected by covered smut, 4.85 percent infected grain, 380.67 spikes m-2, 34.61 grains spike-1, 10.30cm spike length and 2980.70kg ha-1 grain yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1244–1582

e3
“The control plots, where the barley was sown without seed inoculation ranked least (4th) and resulted in 159 seed germination m-2, 3.68% seedling mortality, 3.81 grains infected by covered smut, 10.63 percent infected grain, 333.33 spikes m-2, 34.67 grains spike-1, 10.03cm spike length and 2591kg ha-1 yield of the grain”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1584–1905

Title

Identification of Effective Seed Dressing Synthetic Fungicide against Covered Smut of Barley

Nawab Ali Ghouri; Muhammad Waris Phytopathogenomics and Disease Control 2024. doi:10.22194/pdc/3.1034

Other claims from this paper (10)

Intervention effect Topsin-M seed dressing reduced covered-smut infected grain to 2.08 percent versus the control plots.
Intervention effect Topsin-M seed dressing increased barley grain yield to 3220.70 kg/ha versus the control plots.
Intervention effect Topsin-M seed dressing reduced seedling mortality to 0.70% versus the control plots.
Intervention effect Bayton 10 DS seed dressing reduced covered-smut infected grain to 3.05 percent versus the control plots.
Intervention effect Bayton 10 DS seed dressing increased barley grain yield to 3037.70 kg/ha versus the control plots.
Intervention effect Bayton 10 DS seed dressing reduced seedling mortality to 1.11% versus the control plots.
Intervention effect Dividend-Star 36 FS seed dressing increased barley grain yield to 2980.70 kg/ha versus the control plots.
Intervention effect Dividend-Star 36 FS seed dressing reduced seedling mortality to 1.69% versus the control plots.
Intervention effect Topsin-M was the best of the treated seed dressing fungicides for minimizing covered smut in barley.
Intervention effect All seed dressing treatments were effective compared with the control and minimized covered smut in barley.

Observationobservedoriginal resultsignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Mid-May sowing decreased parsnip yield by 17.4 t/ha versus control.

Taxon: parsnipPastinaca sativat0
Outcome: yielde0
Direction: decreasee0
Value: 17.4 t/hae0

Verbatim

e0
“When sowing in the following periods, a significant decrease in yield was observed compared to the control, namely: for the 3rd decade of April – by 3.5 t/ha, or 7.7%, for the 1st decade of May – by 8.8 t/ha, or 19.6%, for the 2nd decade of May – by 17.4 t/ha, or 38.6%”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2384–2653

t0
“parsnip”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 2376–2383

Title

Scientific journal «Plant and Soil Science» Font Size Make font size smaller Make font size default Make font size larger Language Select Language User You are logged in as... pikovska My Journals My Profile Log Out Article Tools Print this article Indexing metadata How to cite item Supplementary files Finding References Email this article Email the author About The Authors O. O. Komar orcid National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine Ukraine старший викладач кафедри овочівництва і закритого грунту I. O. Fedosiy orcid National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine Ukraine доцент, завідувач кафедри овочівництва і закритого ґрунту O. O. Siedova orcid https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4869-1560 National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine Ukraine магістр 1 року Information For Readers For Authors For Librarians Author Fees This journal charges the following author fees. Publication of one page: 60.00 (UAH). The DOI is paid separately - 200 (UAH) per article. The fee include those of the journal’s publishing, online hosting and archiving. The ability of authors to pay the fee does not influence the peer review process. No fee can be paid prior to the final positive decision of the reviewers and the editor in charge, regarding the article proposed to be evaluated in order to be published. Depending upon each particular case, the fee can be covered by the journal edition. Details Recipient: National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine Address: Heroyiv Oborony st., 15, Kyiv, Ukraine. IBAN: №UA038201720313211001202016289 Bank: State Treasury Service of Ukraine, Kyiv EDRPOU 00493706 ІPN 004937026501 Payment: full name, personal account Personal Account 18.02.06.06.01 Tel .: +38 044 527 87 20 Email: nti_dep@nubip.edu.ua Example of bibliographic description The list of journals included in scientometric databases: - Scopus (Uкraine, Belarus, Poland, Russia); - Іndex Copernicus; - Web of Sciense (humanities, natural sciences, social sciences); Search algorithm and calculation scientometric indicator: - Scopus; - Publish or Perish; - Google Scholar; - SNIP-іndex journal. Home About User Home Search Current Archives Statistics Reminder for authors Agreement Editorial Board Home > Vol 12, No 3 (2021) > Komar Influence abiotic factors on the growth and development of plants parsnip

O. O. Komar; I. O. Fedosiy; O. O. Siedova PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE 2021. doi:10.31548/agr2021.03.100

Other claims from this paper (19)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Huwa-San TR50 at 12000, 14000 and 16000 ppm gave the ideal results for combating root wilt/rot and damping-off in tomato.

Taxon: TomatoSolanum lycopersicume6
Treatment: Huwa-San TR50 in concentration 12000, 14000 and 16000 ppme6
Outcome: root wilt/rot and damping-off diseasese6
Direction: decreaseinferrede6

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e6
“Tomato soil drenching with Huwa-San TR50 in concentration 12000, 14000 and 16000 ppm achieved the ideal results for combating root wilt/rot and damping-off diseases, as well as the highest growth parameters were recorded in growth chamber conditions with the addition of enhanced plant growth and higher yield constituents”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1345–1667

e7
“Biocide agent Huwa-San TR50 (hydrogen peroxide with 3% silver), was examined for biological control of root wilt/rot and damping-off as well as growth augmentation of tomato plants in vitro and in vivo”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 621–822

Title

Soil drenching with Huwa-San TR50 for controlling Rhizoctonia solani (Kühn) and Fusarium solani (Marti) causing damping-off disease in tomato Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill)

Khalid E. Hamed The Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2022. doi:10.21162/pakjas/22.86

Other claims from this paper (6)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

TR6S increased AGFR in the two cultivars.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: TR6Se0 e1 e2 e3 e4
Outcome: AGFRe0 e1 e2 e3 e4
Direction: increasede0 e1 e2 e3 e4
Comparator: TR6e0 e1 e2 e3 e4

Verbatim

e0
“under TR6S, they significantly increased by 20.78%, 9.91%, 16.19%, 9.28%, 5.01%, and 4.14%, respectively”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1721–1825

t0
“wheat”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 108–113

e1
“after the number of wheat rows served by a single tube increased from four (TR4, control) to six (TR6)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 937–1039

e2
“grain weight per panicle (GWP) and AGFR of superior and inferior grains in the third wheat row (RW3) of NS22 and NS44”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1498–1615

e3
“greater decrease in grain weight and average grain-filling rate (AGFR) of inferior grains (NS22: 23.19%, 13.97%; NS44: 7.78%, 5.86%) than the superior grains (NS22: 10.60%, 8.33%; NS44: 4.89%, 4.62%)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1191–1390

e4
“for both NS22 and NS44, the yield of TR6S was significantly higher than that of TR6 and TR6L”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2087–2179

Title

Narrowing row spacing and adding inter-block promote the grain filling and flag leaf photosynthetic rate of wheat under enlarged drip tube spacing system

Jianguo Jing; Fu Qian; Xinyi Chang; et al. Frontiers in Plant Science 2024. doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1368410

Other claims from this paper (19)

Intervention effect TR6 reduced NS22 yield by 9.93% versus TR4.
Intervention effect TR6 reduced NS44 yield by 9.04% versus TR4.
Intervention effect NS22 inferior-grain weight decreased 23.19% under TR6.
Intervention effect NS22 inferior-grain AGFR decreased 13.97% under TR6.
Intervention effect NS44 inferior-grain weight decreased 7.78% under TR6.
Intervention effect NS44 inferior-grain AGFR decreased 5.86% under TR6.
Intervention effect NS22 superior-grain weight decreased 10.60% under TR6.
Intervention effect NS22 superior-grain AGFR decreased 8.33% under TR6.
Intervention effect NS44 superior-grain weight decreased 4.89% under TR6.
Intervention effect NS44 superior-grain AGFR decreased 4.62% under TR6.
Intervention effect TR6L increased NS22 third-row grain weight per panicle by 26.05%.
Intervention effect TR6L increased NS44 third-row grain weight per panicle by 8.22%.
Intervention effect TR6L increased superior-grain AGFR in NS22 by 14.05%.
Intervention effect TR6L increased superior-grain AGFR in NS44 by 10.50%.
Intervention effect TR6L increased inferior-grain AGFR in NS22 by 5.09%.
Intervention effect TR6L increased inferior-grain AGFR in NS44 by 5.01%.
Intervention effect TR6S increased third-row grain weight per panicle in NS22 by 20.78%.
Intervention effect TR6S increased third-row grain weight per panicle in NS44 by 9.91%.
Intervention effect TR6S yielded significantly more than TR6 and TR6L in both cultivars and had the highest economic benefit.

Observationobservedoriginal resultsignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Late May sowing decreased parsnip yield by 23.0 t/ha versus control.

Taxon: parsnipPastinaca sativat0
Outcome: yielde0
Direction: decreasee0
Value: 23.0 t/hae0

Verbatim

e0
“When sowing in the following periods, a significant decrease in yield was observed compared to the control, namely: for the 3rd decade of April – by 3.5 t/ha, or 7.7%, for the 1st decade of May – by 8.8 t/ha, or 19.6%, for the 2nd decade of May – by 17.4 t/ha, or 38.6%, for the 3rd decade of May – by 23.0 t/ha, or 51.1%”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2384–2705

t0
“parsnip”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 2376–2383

Title

Scientific journal «Plant and Soil Science» Font Size Make font size smaller Make font size default Make font size larger Language Select Language User You are logged in as... pikovska My Journals My Profile Log Out Article Tools Print this article Indexing metadata How to cite item Supplementary files Finding References Email this article Email the author About The Authors O. O. Komar orcid National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine Ukraine старший викладач кафедри овочівництва і закритого грунту I. O. Fedosiy orcid National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine Ukraine доцент, завідувач кафедри овочівництва і закритого ґрунту O. O. Siedova orcid https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4869-1560 National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine Ukraine магістр 1 року Information For Readers For Authors For Librarians Author Fees This journal charges the following author fees. Publication of one page: 60.00 (UAH). The DOI is paid separately - 200 (UAH) per article. The fee include those of the journal’s publishing, online hosting and archiving. The ability of authors to pay the fee does not influence the peer review process. No fee can be paid prior to the final positive decision of the reviewers and the editor in charge, regarding the article proposed to be evaluated in order to be published. Depending upon each particular case, the fee can be covered by the journal edition. Details Recipient: National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine Address: Heroyiv Oborony st., 15, Kyiv, Ukraine. IBAN: №UA038201720313211001202016289 Bank: State Treasury Service of Ukraine, Kyiv EDRPOU 00493706 ІPN 004937026501 Payment: full name, personal account Personal Account 18.02.06.06.01 Tel .: +38 044 527 87 20 Email: nti_dep@nubip.edu.ua Example of bibliographic description The list of journals included in scientometric databases: - Scopus (Uкraine, Belarus, Poland, Russia); - Іndex Copernicus; - Web of Sciense (humanities, natural sciences, social sciences); Search algorithm and calculation scientometric indicator: - Scopus; - Publish or Perish; - Google Scholar; - SNIP-іndex journal. Home About User Home Search Current Archives Statistics Reminder for authors Agreement Editorial Board Home > Vol 12, No 3 (2021) > Komar Influence abiotic factors on the growth and development of plants parsnip

O. O. Komar; I. O. Fedosiy; O. O. Siedova PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE 2021. doi:10.31548/agr2021.03.100

Other claims from this paper (19)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Wabe 300 EC foliar application at 0.5 L/ha was highly effective in controlling yellow rust and stem rust of wheat compared with control treatments.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivume0
Treatment: Wabe 300 EC foliar application at the rate of 0.5 L/hae0
Interactor: Puccinia striiformis f.sp.triticiPuccinia striiformist0pathogen
Second interactor: Puccinia graminis f.sp.triticiPuccinia graminist0pathogen
Outcome: controlling yellow and stem ruste0
Direction: decreaseinferrede0
Comparator: control treatmentse1

Verbatim

t0
“Stem rust (Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici) and Yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici) of Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 41–164

e0
“Wabe 300 EC foliar application at the rate of 0.5 L/ha with 200 liter water per hectare was highly effective in controlling yellow and stem rust of wheat and increased grain yield of wheat”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1497–1685

e1
“fungicide treated plots were showed significant difference compared to the control treatments in all variables”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1385–1495

Title

Effects of WABE 300 EC Fungicide against Stem rust (Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici) and Yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici) of Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Zerhun Tomas Lera Scientia. Technology, science and society. 2024. doi:10.59324/stss.2024.1(1).03

Other claims from this paper (4)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

In hybrid 7, elevated temperatures and excess light intensity reduced the performance index (PIABS).

Taxon: sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
Material: hybrid 7e1
Treatment: elevated temperatures and excess light intensitye0
Outcome: performance index (PIABS)e3
Direction: reductione3
Comparator: morning environmental conditionse2

Verbatim

e0
“This study examined the photosynthetic responses of two sunflower hybrids to elevated temperatures and excess light intensity in the flowering stage”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–148

e1
“In hybrid 7, the elevated temperatures and the excess light intensity resulted in the inactivation of the oxygen-evolving complex”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 854–983

e2
“The morning environmental conditions were considered optimal, while the afternoon was characterised by elevated temperatures and excess light intensity”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 352–503

e3
“the increase in the maximum quantum yield of PSII (TR0/ABS), the decrease in the electron transport further than the primary acceptor QA (ET0/(TR0-ET0)), the reduction in the performance index (PIABS), and the higher relative accumulation of the light-harvesting complex of the photosystem (LHCII)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1040–1337

Title

Effect of Elevated Temperature and Excess Light on Photosynthetic Efficiency, Pigments, and Proteins in the Field-Grown Sunflower during Afternoon

Antonela Markulj Kulundžić; Marija Viljevac Vuletić; Maja Matoša Kočar; et al. Horticulturae 2022. doi:10.3390/horticulturae8050392

Other claims from this paper (11)

“yield decrease”

Claim types

Direction of the findings

Over time

Claim type

Research area

Polarity

Statistics