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Estimation of Yield Decrease of Rice due to Weeds in Dry Sowing Culture 9

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Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The relation between early weed mass and yield could not be resolved.

Taxon: RiceOryza sativat0
Outcome: 雑草量と収量との関係e0

Verbatim

t0
“Rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 32–36

e0
“生育初期における雑草量と収量との関係は明らかにし得なかつた”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 526–555

Title

Estimation of Yield Decrease of Rice due to Weeds in Dry Sowing Culture

Takashi OTA; Shozaburo SAIGO; Yutaka HIRANO Journal of Weed Science and Technology 1963. doi:10.3719/weed.1963.86

Other claims from this paper (8)

Association Mature weed mass and brown-rice yield were strongly negatively correlated, with r = −0.95.
Observation The mature weed mass–yield relation was y = −0.008x + 48.74.
Association Weed mass about 20 days after flooding also related to yield, modeled as y = 43.8×10−0.00046x.
Observation Early weed suppression before flooding was effective in the dry-sown rice system.
Observation Weeds reduced rice panicle number most strongly.
Observation Weeds also shortened rice panicles.
Observation Very high weed mass increased lodging.
Observation Very high weed mass worsened grain filling.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The mature weed mass–yield relation was y = −0.008x + 48.74.

Taxon: RiceOryza sativat0
Outcome: y=-0.008x+48.74e0
Value: -0.008x+48.74e0

Verbatim

t0
“Rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 32–36

e0
“y=-0.008x+48.74という式が得られた”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 373–397

Title

Estimation of Yield Decrease of Rice due to Weeds in Dry Sowing Culture

Takashi OTA; Shozaburo SAIGO; Yutaka HIRANO Journal of Weed Science and Technology 1963. doi:10.3719/weed.1963.86

Other claims from this paper (8)

Association Mature weed mass and brown-rice yield were strongly negatively correlated, with r = −0.95.
Association Weed mass about 20 days after flooding also related to yield, modeled as y = 43.8×10−0.00046x.
Observation Early weed suppression before flooding was effective in the dry-sown rice system.
Observation The relation between early weed mass and yield could not be resolved.
Observation Weeds reduced rice panicle number most strongly.
Observation Weeds also shortened rice panicles.
Observation Very high weed mass increased lodging.
Observation Very high weed mass worsened grain filling.

Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Weeds also shortened rice panicles.

Taxon: RiceOryza sativat0
Outcome: 穂長減e0
Direction: 減e0

Verbatim

t0
“Rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 32–36

e0
“ついで穂長減として”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 632–641

Title

Estimation of Yield Decrease of Rice due to Weeds in Dry Sowing Culture

Takashi OTA; Shozaburo SAIGO; Yutaka HIRANO Journal of Weed Science and Technology 1963. doi:10.3719/weed.1963.86

Other claims from this paper (8)

Association Mature weed mass and brown-rice yield were strongly negatively correlated, with r = −0.95.
Observation The mature weed mass–yield relation was y = −0.008x + 48.74.
Association Weed mass about 20 days after flooding also related to yield, modeled as y = 43.8×10−0.00046x.
Observation Early weed suppression before flooding was effective in the dry-sown rice system.
Observation The relation between early weed mass and yield could not be resolved.
Observation Weeds reduced rice panicle number most strongly.
Observation Very high weed mass increased lodging.
Observation Very high weed mass worsened grain filling.

Some effects of cultivation and waterlogging on the availability of phosphorus in pasture soils 7

Show all 7 →

Mechanismauthor interpretationoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The yield decrease after soil mixing is attributed to lowered availability of soil phosphorus.

Taxon: subterranean cloverTrifolium subterraneume1
Compound: soil phosphoruse2
Outcome: yield of subterranean clovere1
Qualifier: lowered availabilitye2

Verbatim

e1
“Compared with growth on undisturbed soil, uniform mixing of the surface 4 in. of pasture soils caused a decrease in the yield of subterranean clover grown in pot culture”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–169

e2
“This was shown to be due to lowered availability of the soil phosphorus and was probably brought about by sorption of the available phosphorus, which had accumulated at the soil surface, by the unsaturated subsurface soil”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 171–392

Title

Some effects of cultivation and waterlogging on the availability of phosphorus in pasture soils

CH Williams; JR Simpson Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 1965. doi:10.1071/ar9650413

Other claims from this paper (6)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Uniform mixing of the surface 4 in. of pasture soils decreased subterranean clover yield compared with undisturbed soil.

Taxon: subterranean cloverTrifolium subterraneume1
Treatment: uniform mixing of the surface 4 in. of pasture soilse1
Outcome: yield of subterranean clovere1
Direction: decreasee1
Comparator: undisturbed soile1
Setting: pot culturee1

Verbatim

e1
“Compared with growth on undisturbed soil, uniform mixing of the surface 4 in. of pasture soils caused a decrease in the yield of subterranean clover grown in pot culture”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–169

Title

Some effects of cultivation and waterlogging on the availability of phosphorus in pasture soils

CH Williams; JR Simpson Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 1965. doi:10.1071/ar9650413

Other claims from this paper (6)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Waterlogging increased the phosphate sorption capacity of the soil.

Taxon: subterranean cloverTrifolium subterraneume1
Treatment: waterlogging treatmente6
Outcome: phosphate sorption capacitye6
Direction: increasede6

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e1
“Compared with growth on undisturbed soil, uniform mixing of the surface 4 in. of pasture soils caused a decrease in the yield of subterranean clover grown in pot culture”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–169

e6
“The phosphate sorption capacity of the soil was increased by the waterlogging treatment but decreased to its original value when the soil was air-dried”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 747–898

Title

Some effects of cultivation and waterlogging on the availability of phosphorus in pasture soils

CH Williams; JR Simpson Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 1965. doi:10.1071/ar9650413

Other claims from this paper (6)

Influence of Decrease in Stolon Number Caused by Low Temperature on Yield of Ladino White Clover Sward 6

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Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The correlation between yield at each cut and annual yield weakened over successive cuts.

Taxon: Ladino White Clovert0
Organ / stage: cutting timee0
Outcome: correlation coefficients between yield in each cutting time and total yield a yeare0
Direction: decreasee0

Verbatim

e0
“The correlation coefficients between yield in each cutting time and total yield a year showed a tendency to decrease with the advancement of cutting time.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1474–1628

t0
“Ladino White Clover”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 77–96

Title

Influence of Decrease in Stolon Number Caused by Low Temperature on Yield of Ladino White Clover Sward

Waichi AGATA; Etsuo KAMATA; Kesanari AOKI Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1969. doi:10.1626/jcs.38.143

Other claims from this paper (5)

Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Ladino white clover stolon numbers declined more in early spring than during winter.

Taxon: Ladino white clovere0
Organ / stage: early spring seasone0
Outcome: stolon numbere0
Direction: decreasee0
Comparator: winter seasone0

Verbatim

e0
“The remarkable decrease in stolon number of Ladino white clover was observed in early spring season rather than during winter season.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 445–578

Title

Influence of Decrease in Stolon Number Caused by Low Temperature on Yield of Ladino White Clover Sward

Waichi AGATA; Etsuo KAMATA; Kesanari AOKI Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1969. doi:10.1626/jcs.38.143

Other claims from this paper (5)

Associationobservedoriginal resultno effectnot significant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

At the last autumn cut, yield did not significantly correlate with annual yield.

Taxon: Ladino White Clovert0
Organ / stage: last cutting time in autumn seasone0
Outcome: correlation coefficients between yield in each cutting time and total yield a yeare1

Not reportedDirection

Verbatim

e0
“And there was not a significant correlation between both factors at the last cutting time in autumn season”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1629–1735

e1
“The correlation coefficients between yield in each cutting time and total yield a year”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1474–1560

t0
“Ladino White Clover”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 77–96

Title

Influence of Decrease in Stolon Number Caused by Low Temperature on Yield of Ladino White Clover Sward

Waichi AGATA; Etsuo KAMATA; Kesanari AOKI Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1969. doi:10.1626/jcs.38.143

Other claims from this paper (5)

Analysis of Yield-Determining Process and Its Application to Yield-Prediction and Culture Improvement of Lowland Rice. : LXXXII. Effect of nitrogen depletion at different growth stages on the growth and yield of rice. 6

Show all 6 →

Intervention effectobservedcited backgroundnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Nitrogen withdrawal during a critical growth period decreased rice upper three leaf-blades.

Taxon: rice plantOryza sativae0
Treatment: no supply of nitrogen during the critical growth periode0
Outcome: upper three leaf-bladese0
Direction: decreasee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“As previously reported, no supply of nitrogen during the critical growth period in which the plant type after heading was predetermined made the rice plant decrease the number of spikelets per unit area, length of lower three internodes and upper three leaf-blades, but increase the amount of carbohydrates in straw at heading stage, and as a result of it, favoured ripening and prevented the plant from lodging.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 252–664

Title

Analysis of Yield-Determining Process and Its Application to Yield-Prediction and Culture Improvement of Lowland Rice. : LXXXII. Effect of nitrogen depletion at different growth stages on the growth and yield of rice.

Seizo MATSUSHIMA; Genshichi WADA; Akio MATSUZAKI; et al. Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1968. doi:10.1626/jcs.37.175

Other claims from this paper (14)

Intervention effect Nitrogen withdrawal during a critical growth period decreased rice number of spikelets per unit area.
Intervention effect Nitrogen withdrawal during a critical growth period decreased rice length of lower three internodes.
Intervention effect Nitrogen withdrawal during a critical growth period increased rice amount of carbohydrates in straw.
Intervention effect Nitrogen withdrawal during a critical growth period favouredd rice ripening.
Intervention effect Nitrogen withdrawal during a critical growth period preventedd rice lodging.
Intervention effect Stopping nitrogen supply for 20 days starting 59 days before heading gave high grain yield through more ripened grains.
Intervention effect Stopping nitrogen supply for 20 days starting 49 days before heading gave high grain yield through more ripened grains.
Intervention effect Stopping nitrogen supply for 20 days starting 42 days before heading gave high grain yield through more ripened grains.
Intervention effect Upper three leaf blades were shortest after nitrogen withdrawal from 42 to 20 days before heading.
Intervention effect Lower three internodes were shortest after nitrogen withdrawal from 49 to 31 days before heading.
Observation Improved plant type and light-use efficiency had little detectable effect on carbon assimilation, post-heading dry matter, or grain yield.
Observation Post-heading photosynthetic production was mainly governed by leaf-blade nitrogen at heading and nitrogen supply after heading.
Observation Post-heading photosynthetic production was scarcely affected by leaf-area index, leaf length, or light-use efficiency.
Observation The present community-culture results differed considerably from earlier pot experiments.

Intervention effectobservedcited backgroundnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Nitrogen withdrawal during a critical growth period decreased rice length of lower three internodes.

Taxon: rice plantOryza sativae0
Treatment: no supply of nitrogen during the critical growth periode0
Outcome: length of lower three internodese0
Direction: decreasee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“As previously reported, no supply of nitrogen during the critical growth period in which the plant type after heading was predetermined made the rice plant decrease the number of spikelets per unit area, length of lower three internodes and upper three leaf-blades, but increase the amount of carbohydrates in straw at heading stage, and as a result of it, favoured ripening and prevented the plant from lodging.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 252–664

Title

Analysis of Yield-Determining Process and Its Application to Yield-Prediction and Culture Improvement of Lowland Rice. : LXXXII. Effect of nitrogen depletion at different growth stages on the growth and yield of rice.

Seizo MATSUSHIMA; Genshichi WADA; Akio MATSUZAKI; et al. Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1968. doi:10.1626/jcs.37.175

Other claims from this paper (14)

Intervention effect Nitrogen withdrawal during a critical growth period decreased rice number of spikelets per unit area.
Intervention effect Nitrogen withdrawal during a critical growth period decreased rice upper three leaf-blades.
Intervention effect Nitrogen withdrawal during a critical growth period increased rice amount of carbohydrates in straw.
Intervention effect Nitrogen withdrawal during a critical growth period favouredd rice ripening.
Intervention effect Nitrogen withdrawal during a critical growth period preventedd rice lodging.
Intervention effect Stopping nitrogen supply for 20 days starting 59 days before heading gave high grain yield through more ripened grains.
Intervention effect Stopping nitrogen supply for 20 days starting 49 days before heading gave high grain yield through more ripened grains.
Intervention effect Stopping nitrogen supply for 20 days starting 42 days before heading gave high grain yield through more ripened grains.
Intervention effect Upper three leaf blades were shortest after nitrogen withdrawal from 42 to 20 days before heading.
Intervention effect Lower three internodes were shortest after nitrogen withdrawal from 49 to 31 days before heading.
Observation Improved plant type and light-use efficiency had little detectable effect on carbon assimilation, post-heading dry matter, or grain yield.
Observation Post-heading photosynthetic production was mainly governed by leaf-blade nitrogen at heading and nitrogen supply after heading.
Observation Post-heading photosynthetic production was scarcely affected by leaf-area index, leaf length, or light-use efficiency.
Observation The present community-culture results differed considerably from earlier pot experiments.

Intervention effectobservedcited backgroundnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Nitrogen withdrawal during a critical growth period decreased rice number of spikelets per unit area.

Taxon: rice plantOryza sativae0
Treatment: no supply of nitrogen during the critical growth periode0
Outcome: number of spikelets per unit areae0
Direction: decreasee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“As previously reported, no supply of nitrogen during the critical growth period in which the plant type after heading was predetermined made the rice plant decrease the number of spikelets per unit area, length of lower three internodes and upper three leaf-blades, but increase the amount of carbohydrates in straw at heading stage, and as a result of it, favoured ripening and prevented the plant from lodging.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 252–664

Title

Analysis of Yield-Determining Process and Its Application to Yield-Prediction and Culture Improvement of Lowland Rice. : LXXXII. Effect of nitrogen depletion at different growth stages on the growth and yield of rice.

Seizo MATSUSHIMA; Genshichi WADA; Akio MATSUZAKI; et al. Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1968. doi:10.1626/jcs.37.175

Other claims from this paper (14)

Intervention effect Nitrogen withdrawal during a critical growth period decreased rice length of lower three internodes.
Intervention effect Nitrogen withdrawal during a critical growth period decreased rice upper three leaf-blades.
Intervention effect Nitrogen withdrawal during a critical growth period increased rice amount of carbohydrates in straw.
Intervention effect Nitrogen withdrawal during a critical growth period favouredd rice ripening.
Intervention effect Nitrogen withdrawal during a critical growth period preventedd rice lodging.
Intervention effect Stopping nitrogen supply for 20 days starting 59 days before heading gave high grain yield through more ripened grains.
Intervention effect Stopping nitrogen supply for 20 days starting 49 days before heading gave high grain yield through more ripened grains.
Intervention effect Stopping nitrogen supply for 20 days starting 42 days before heading gave high grain yield through more ripened grains.
Intervention effect Upper three leaf blades were shortest after nitrogen withdrawal from 42 to 20 days before heading.
Intervention effect Lower three internodes were shortest after nitrogen withdrawal from 49 to 31 days before heading.
Observation Improved plant type and light-use efficiency had little detectable effect on carbon assimilation, post-heading dry matter, or grain yield.
Observation Post-heading photosynthetic production was mainly governed by leaf-blade nitrogen at heading and nitrogen supply after heading.
Observation Post-heading photosynthetic production was scarcely affected by leaf-area index, leaf length, or light-use efficiency.
Observation The present community-culture results differed considerably from earlier pot experiments.

Experiments on the time of application of insecticide to decrease the spread of yellowing viruses of sugar beet, 1954‐66 5

Show all 5 →

Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivebasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

A spray gives a profitable yield increase when unsprayed yellows incidence is 20% at August end.

Taxon: sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
Outcome: profitable yield increasee0
Qualifier: yellows incidence in unsprayed plots is 20 % at the end of Auguste0

Verbatim

e0
“A spray gives a profitable yield increase when yellows incidence in unsprayed plots is 20 % at the end of August.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 848–961

t0
“sugar beet”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 101–111

Title

Experiments on the time of application of insecticide to decrease the spread of yellowing viruses of sugar beet, 1954‐66

R. HULL; G. D. HEATHCOTE Annals of Applied Biology 1967. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1967.tb04501.x

Other claims from this paper (9)

Intervention effect Demeton-methyl sprays decreased aphid spread of yellowing viruses in sugar beet.
Intervention effect one spray changed incidence by 36–41 % during 1957–1960.
Intervention effect two sprays changed incidence by 55 % during 1957–1960.
Intervention effect one spray changed yield by 1½ during 1957–1960.
Intervention effect two sprays changed yield by 2 ton/acre during 1957–1960.
Intervention effect a spray at the time when growers were advised to spray by the British Sugar Corporation decreased yellows incidence by 37 %.
Intervention effect sprays 2 weeks earlier decreased yellows incidence by 24 %.
Intervention effect later decreased yellows incidence by 25 %.
Observation An annual average of 160000 sugar beet acres were sprayed during 1958–1966.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

one spray changed yield by 1½ during 1957–1960.

Taxon: sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
Treatment: one spraye0
Outcome: yielde0
Direction: increasese0
Value: 1½e0
Qualifier: Between 1957 and 1960e0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Between 1957 and 1960, when yellows was prevalent, the incidence, assessed as ‘infected‐plant‐weeks’, was decreased by 36–41 % by one spray, depending on when it was applied, and by 55 % by two sprays, giving average yield increases of 1½ and 2 ton/acre of roots respectively.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 129–405

t0
“sugar beet”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 101–111

Title

Experiments on the time of application of insecticide to decrease the spread of yellowing viruses of sugar beet, 1954‐66

R. HULL; G. D. HEATHCOTE Annals of Applied Biology 1967. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1967.tb04501.x

Other claims from this paper (9)

Intervention effect Demeton-methyl sprays decreased aphid spread of yellowing viruses in sugar beet.
Intervention effect one spray changed incidence by 36–41 % during 1957–1960.
Intervention effect two sprays changed incidence by 55 % during 1957–1960.
Intervention effect two sprays changed yield by 2 ton/acre during 1957–1960.
Intervention effect a spray at the time when growers were advised to spray by the British Sugar Corporation decreased yellows incidence by 37 %.
Intervention effect sprays 2 weeks earlier decreased yellows incidence by 24 %.
Intervention effect later decreased yellows incidence by 25 %.
Observation An annual average of 160000 sugar beet acres were sprayed during 1958–1966.
Recommendation A spray gives a profitable yield increase when unsprayed yellows incidence is 20% at August end.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

two sprays changed yield by 2 ton/acre during 1957–1960.

Taxon: sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
Treatment: two sprayse0
Outcome: yielde0
Direction: increasese0
Value: 2 ton/acree0
Qualifier: Between 1957 and 1960e0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Between 1957 and 1960, when yellows was prevalent, the incidence, assessed as ‘infected‐plant‐weeks’, was decreased by 36–41 % by one spray, depending on when it was applied, and by 55 % by two sprays, giving average yield increases of 1½ and 2 ton/acre of roots respectively.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 129–405

t0
“sugar beet”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 101–111

Title

Experiments on the time of application of insecticide to decrease the spread of yellowing viruses of sugar beet, 1954‐66

R. HULL; G. D. HEATHCOTE Annals of Applied Biology 1967. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1967.tb04501.x

Other claims from this paper (9)

Intervention effect Demeton-methyl sprays decreased aphid spread of yellowing viruses in sugar beet.
Intervention effect one spray changed incidence by 36–41 % during 1957–1960.
Intervention effect two sprays changed incidence by 55 % during 1957–1960.
Intervention effect one spray changed yield by 1½ during 1957–1960.
Intervention effect a spray at the time when growers were advised to spray by the British Sugar Corporation decreased yellows incidence by 37 %.
Intervention effect sprays 2 weeks earlier decreased yellows incidence by 24 %.
Intervention effect later decreased yellows incidence by 25 %.
Observation An annual average of 160000 sugar beet acres were sprayed during 1958–1966.
Recommendation A spray gives a profitable yield increase when unsprayed yellows incidence is 20% at August end.

Analysis of Yield-Determining Process and Its Application to Yield Prediction and Culture Improvement of Lowland Rice. : LXXXV. An investigation on the percentage of ripened grains from the point of analytical view of the number of spikelets per unit area. 5

Show all 5 →

Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The percentage of ripened grains tended to decrease as spikelets per panicle increased.

Taxon: riceOryza sativae0
Treatment: spikelets per paniclee2
Outcome: percentage of ripened grainse2
Direction: decreasee2
Qualifier: a tendencye2

Verbatim

e0
“classifying the rice plants which grown under several cultural conditions”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 6–79

e2
“The percentage of ripened grains showed a tendency to decrease progressively with an increase in the number of spikelets per unit area, spikelets per panicle and secondary rachis-branches per panicle”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 674–873

Title

Analysis of Yield-Determining Process and Its Application to Yield Prediction and Culture Improvement of Lowland Rice. : LXXXV. An investigation on the percentage of ripened grains from the point of analytical view of the number of spikelets per unit area.

Genshichi WADA; Seizo MATSUSHIMA; Akio MATSUZAKI Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1968. doi:10.1626/jcs.37.195

Other claims from this paper (8)

Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The percentage of ripened grains tended to decrease as spikelets per unit area increased.

Taxon: riceOryza sativae0
Treatment: number of spikelets per unit areae2
Outcome: percentage of ripened grainse2
Direction: decreasee2
Qualifier: a tendencye2

Verbatim

e0
“classifying the rice plants which grown under several cultural conditions”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 6–79

e2
“The percentage of ripened grains showed a tendency to decrease progressively with an increase in the number of spikelets per unit area, spikelets per panicle and secondary rachis-branches per panicle”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 674–873

Title

Analysis of Yield-Determining Process and Its Application to Yield Prediction and Culture Improvement of Lowland Rice. : LXXXV. An investigation on the percentage of ripened grains from the point of analytical view of the number of spikelets per unit area.

Genshichi WADA; Seizo MATSUSHIMA; Akio MATSUZAKI Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1968. doi:10.1626/jcs.37.195

Other claims from this paper (8)

Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The percentage of ripened grains tended to decrease as secondary rachis-branches per panicle increased.

Taxon: riceOryza sativae0
Treatment: secondary rachis-branches per paniclee2
Outcome: percentage of ripened grainse2
Direction: decreasee2
Qualifier: a tendencye2

Verbatim

e0
“classifying the rice plants which grown under several cultural conditions”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 6–79

e2
“The percentage of ripened grains showed a tendency to decrease progressively with an increase in the number of spikelets per unit area, spikelets per panicle and secondary rachis-branches per panicle”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 674–873

Title

Analysis of Yield-Determining Process and Its Application to Yield Prediction and Culture Improvement of Lowland Rice. : LXXXV. An investigation on the percentage of ripened grains from the point of analytical view of the number of spikelets per unit area.

Genshichi WADA; Seizo MATSUSHIMA; Akio MATSUZAKI Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1968. doi:10.1626/jcs.37.195

Other claims from this paper (8)

The Effect of Irregular Disposition of Rice Plant on Yield in Direct Sowing Culture 5

Show all 5 →

Mechanismauthor interpretationoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Decrease of grain weight was caused by a decrease in the number of panicles per unit area.

Taxon: RiceOryza sativat0
Outcome: grain weighte3
Qualifier: number of panicles (per unit area)e3

Verbatim

t0
“Irregular Disposition of Rice Plant”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 14–49

e3
“Decrease of grain weight was caused by that of number of panicles (per unit area)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 694–775

Title

The Effect of Irregular Disposition of Rice Plant on Yield in Direct Sowing Culture

Masami HIMEDA; Seiichi IZUMI Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1965. doi:10.1626/jcs.33.399

Other claims from this paper (9)

Intervention effect More irregular disposition of rice plants caused a greater decrease in grain weight per unit area.
Intervention effect The decrease in grain weight with irregular disposition was more remarkable in Fujiminori than in Manryo.
Association In Fujiminori, the number of panicles decreased as irregularity in plant disposition increased.
Intervention effect In Fujiminori, grain weight per panicle remained unchanged as irregularity in plant disposition increased.
Association In Manryo, grain weight per panicle increased.
Association In Manryo, the number of panicles decreased.
Intervention effect In plots of cv 30∼100 %, no decrease of grain weight was observed relative to the plot of cv 0 %.
Intervention effect In Fujiminori, the decrease in grain weight with irregular disposition was more marked at low seeding density than at high seeding density.
Intervention effect In Manryo, the difference in the effect of irregular disposition on grain weight between spacing densities was not clear.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

More irregular disposition of rice plants caused a greater decrease in grain weight per unit area.

Taxon: RiceOryza sativat0
Treatment: irregular disposition of plantse1
Outcome: grain weighte1
Direction: more decreasee1

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

t0
“Irregular Disposition of Rice Plant”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 14–49

e1
“The more irregular disposition of plants was, the more decrease in grain weight (per unit area) was”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 437–536

Title

The Effect of Irregular Disposition of Rice Plant on Yield in Direct Sowing Culture

Masami HIMEDA; Seiichi IZUMI Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1965. doi:10.1626/jcs.33.399

Other claims from this paper (9)

Intervention effect The decrease in grain weight with irregular disposition was more remarkable in Fujiminori than in Manryo.
Mechanism Decrease of grain weight was caused by a decrease in the number of panicles per unit area.
Association In Fujiminori, the number of panicles decreased as irregularity in plant disposition increased.
Intervention effect In Fujiminori, grain weight per panicle remained unchanged as irregularity in plant disposition increased.
Association In Manryo, grain weight per panicle increased.
Association In Manryo, the number of panicles decreased.
Intervention effect In plots of cv 30∼100 %, no decrease of grain weight was observed relative to the plot of cv 0 %.
Intervention effect In Fujiminori, the decrease in grain weight with irregular disposition was more marked at low seeding density than at high seeding density.
Intervention effect In Manryo, the difference in the effect of irregular disposition on grain weight between spacing densities was not clear.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

In plots of cv 30∼100 %, no decrease of grain weight was observed relative to the plot of cv 0 %.

Taxon: RiceOryza sativat0
Treatment: cv 30∼100 %e7
Outcome: decrease of grain weighte7
Direction: was not observede7
Comparator: plot of cv 0 %e7

Verbatim

t0
“Irregular Disposition of Rice Plant”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 14–49

e7
“Accordingly decrease of grain weight compared with the plot of cv 0 % was not observed in plots of cv 30∼100 %”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1123–1233

Title

The Effect of Irregular Disposition of Rice Plant on Yield in Direct Sowing Culture

Masami HIMEDA; Seiichi IZUMI Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1965. doi:10.1626/jcs.33.399

Other claims from this paper (9)

Intervention effect More irregular disposition of rice plants caused a greater decrease in grain weight per unit area.
Intervention effect The decrease in grain weight with irregular disposition was more remarkable in Fujiminori than in Manryo.
Mechanism Decrease of grain weight was caused by a decrease in the number of panicles per unit area.
Association In Fujiminori, the number of panicles decreased as irregularity in plant disposition increased.
Intervention effect In Fujiminori, grain weight per panicle remained unchanged as irregularity in plant disposition increased.
Association In Manryo, grain weight per panicle increased.
Association In Manryo, the number of panicles decreased.
Intervention effect In Fujiminori, the decrease in grain weight with irregular disposition was more marked at low seeding density than at high seeding density.
Intervention effect In Manryo, the difference in the effect of irregular disposition on grain weight between spacing densities was not clear.

Studies in Physiological Analysis of Yield. IX, Effect of Light Intensity on the Development of the Wheat Grain 4

Show all 4 →

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

In the second cultivar group, the increase in ear weight fell from 100 in sunlight to 58, 53 and 33 under the three lower light intensities.

Taxon: WheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: average tight intensities, 57,800 (sunlight, L), 12,900 (l 1 ), 3900 (1 2 ) and 3300 (1 3 ) luxe0
Outcome: increase in weight of eare1
Direction: decreaseinferrede1
Value: 100, 58, 53 and 33e1
Qualifier: in the seconde1
Comparator: sunlight, Le0

Verbatim

e0
“Under average tight intensities, 57,800 (sunlight, L), 12,900 (l 1 ), 3900 (1 2 ) and 3300 (1 3 ) lux, during the fortnight after anthesis”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 9–147

e1
“the corresponding increase in weight of ear varied as 100, 59, 45 and 40, in the first group and as 100, 58, 53 and 33, in the second”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 337–470

t0
“Wheat Grain”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 100–111

Title

Studies in Physiological Analysis of Yield. IX, Effect of Light Intensity on the Development of the Wheat Grain

R. D. Asana; S. R. Parvatikar; N. P. Saxena Physiologia Plantarum 1969. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1969.tb07450.x

Other claims from this paper (19)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

In the first cultivar group, the increase in ear weight fell from 100 in sunlight to 59, 45 and 40 under the three lower light intensities.

Taxon: WheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: average tight intensities, 57,800 (sunlight, L), 12,900 (l 1 ), 3900 (1 2 ) and 3300 (1 3 ) luxe0
Outcome: increase in weight of eare1
Direction: decreaseinferrede1
Value: 100, 59, 45 and 40e1
Qualifier: in the first groupe1
Comparator: sunlight, Le0

Verbatim

e0
“Under average tight intensities, 57,800 (sunlight, L), 12,900 (l 1 ), 3900 (1 2 ) and 3300 (1 3 ) lux, during the fortnight after anthesis”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 9–147

e1
“the corresponding increase in weight of ear varied as 100, 59, 45 and 40, in the first group and as 100, 58, 53 and 33, in the second”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 337–470

t0
“Wheat Grain”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 100–111

Title

Studies in Physiological Analysis of Yield. IX, Effect of Light Intensity on the Development of the Wheat Grain

R. D. Asana; S. R. Parvatikar; N. P. Saxena Physiologia Plantarum 1969. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1969.tb07450.x

Other claims from this paper (19)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

In wheat cultivars Ph C 281 and NP720, the increase in average shoot weight fell from 100 in sunlight to 35, 15 and 9 under the three lower light intensities.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivume1
Material: Ph C 281 and NP720e1
Treatment: average tight intensities, 57,800 (sunlight, L), 12,900 (l 1 ), 3900 (1 2 ) and 3300 (1 3 ) luxe0
Outcome: increase in the average shoot weighte1
Direction: decreaseinferrede1
Value: 100, 35, 15 and 9e1
Comparator: sunlight, Le0

Verbatim

e0
“Under average tight intensities, 57,800 (sunlight, L), 12,900 (l 1 ), 3900 (1 2 ) and 3300 (1 3 ) lux, during the fortnight after anthesis”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 9–147

e1
“the increase in the average shoot weight (excluding roots) of wheat cultivars, NP 823 and NP 824, varied as 100, 43, 24 and 10, and of cultivars, Ph C 281 and NP720, as 100, 35, 15 and 9”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 149–335

Title

Studies in Physiological Analysis of Yield. IX, Effect of Light Intensity on the Development of the Wheat Grain

R. D. Asana; S. R. Parvatikar; N. P. Saxena Physiologia Plantarum 1969. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1969.tb07450.x

Other claims from this paper (19)

Studies on the Relation between the Tolerance of Crops to Soil Acidity and That to Low pH : (15) The effects of aluminum, hydrogen ion, lime, magnecium, nitrate and nitrite of varying concentrations on the growth of Italian ryegrass and milk vetch. 4

Show all 4 →

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Increasing nitrate decreased the yield of milk vetch markedly, with a decrease in leaf-blade starch.

Taxon: milk vetche0
Treatment: heightened concentration of nitrate nitrogene1
Outcome: yielde1
Direction: decreased markedlye1
Qualifier: accompanied by the decrease in the starch content in leaf bladese2

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“The optimum concentration of nitrate nitrogen in culture solution was low for milk vetch”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2919–3007

e1
“the yield decreased markedly according to the heightened concentration of nitrate nitrogen”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 3013–3103

e2
“The increasing supply of nitrate reduced the growth severely, accompanied by the decrease in the starch content in leaf blades”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 3211–3337

Title

Studies on the Relation between the Tolerance of Crops to Soil Acidity and That to Low pH : (15) The effects of aluminum, hydrogen ion, lime, magnecium, nitrate and nitrite of varying concentrations on the growth of Italian ryegrass and milk vetch.

Shugo CHAMURA Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1967. doi:10.1626/jcs.36.4_361

Other claims from this paper (19)

Intervention effect At pH 4.3 the yield of Italian ryegrass decreased.
Intervention effect At pH 4.3 the calcium and phosphorus percentages of Italian ryegrass dry weight were suppressed.
Intervention effect At pH 4.3 the growth of milk vetch decreased markedly.
Intervention effect At pH 4.3 the calcium and potassium percentages of milk vetch were suppressed.
Intervention effect Raising the pH of milk vetch culture from 5.3 to 6.3 decreased its yield; the inorganic matter percentage was also decreased.
Intervention effect Aluminum at 0.5 ppm inhibited the growth of milk vetch.
Intervention effect The same aluminum concentration promoted the growth of Italian ryegrass.
Intervention effect Aluminum at 5 ppm severely suppressed the dry weight percentage of phosphorus in both forage crops and strongly reduced their growth.
Observation The dry weight percentages of calcium, potassium and magnesium were suppressed in milk vetch.
Intervention effect A low concentration of both lime and magnesium was highly injurious to plant growth.
Observation The optimum calcium concentration in the culture solution was higher for milk vetch than for Italian ryegrass.
Intervention effect Increasing lime in the nutrient solution increased calcium percentage in the top of the plants.
Intervention effect Raising lime from low to standard level increased potassium percentage.
Intervention effect Lowering lime and magnesium together greatly increased the potassium percentage of Italian ryegrass.
Observation The optimum magnesium concentration in the culture solution was lower for milk vetch than for Italian ryegrass.
Intervention effect At low magnesium concentration, calcium percentage of milk vetch increased.
Intervention effect Raising magnesium from standard to high level decreased phosphorus and potassium percentages.
Intervention effect Nitrite nitrogen at 2 ppm was injurious to the growth of milk vetch.
Intervention effect The same nitrite concentration promoted the growth of Italian ryegrass.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

At pH 4.3 the yield of Italian ryegrass decreased.

Taxon: Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume1
Treatment: the pH in the culture solution was lowered to 4.3e1
Outcome: yielde1
Direction: decreasee1
Setting: water cultivatione0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“injurious to the growth of Italian ryegrass and milk vetch, water cultivation was carried out”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 58–151

e1
“Even Italian ryegrass, which is moderately tolerant to the acidity of soil, the yield showed decrease, when the pH in the culture solution was lowered to 4.3”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 213–370

Title

Studies on the Relation between the Tolerance of Crops to Soil Acidity and That to Low pH : (15) The effects of aluminum, hydrogen ion, lime, magnecium, nitrate and nitrite of varying concentrations on the growth of Italian ryegrass and milk vetch.

Shugo CHAMURA Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1967. doi:10.1626/jcs.36.4_361

Other claims from this paper (19)

Intervention effect At pH 4.3 the calcium and phosphorus percentages of Italian ryegrass dry weight were suppressed.
Intervention effect At pH 4.3 the growth of milk vetch decreased markedly.
Intervention effect At pH 4.3 the calcium and potassium percentages of milk vetch were suppressed.
Intervention effect Raising the pH of milk vetch culture from 5.3 to 6.3 decreased its yield; the inorganic matter percentage was also decreased.
Intervention effect Aluminum at 0.5 ppm inhibited the growth of milk vetch.
Intervention effect The same aluminum concentration promoted the growth of Italian ryegrass.
Intervention effect Aluminum at 5 ppm severely suppressed the dry weight percentage of phosphorus in both forage crops and strongly reduced their growth.
Observation The dry weight percentages of calcium, potassium and magnesium were suppressed in milk vetch.
Intervention effect A low concentration of both lime and magnesium was highly injurious to plant growth.
Observation The optimum calcium concentration in the culture solution was higher for milk vetch than for Italian ryegrass.
Intervention effect Increasing lime in the nutrient solution increased calcium percentage in the top of the plants.
Intervention effect Raising lime from low to standard level increased potassium percentage.
Intervention effect Lowering lime and magnesium together greatly increased the potassium percentage of Italian ryegrass.
Observation The optimum magnesium concentration in the culture solution was lower for milk vetch than for Italian ryegrass.
Intervention effect At low magnesium concentration, calcium percentage of milk vetch increased.
Intervention effect Raising magnesium from standard to high level decreased phosphorus and potassium percentages.
Intervention effect Increasing nitrate decreased the yield of milk vetch markedly, with a decrease in leaf-blade starch.
Intervention effect Nitrite nitrogen at 2 ppm was injurious to the growth of milk vetch.
Intervention effect The same nitrite concentration promoted the growth of Italian ryegrass.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

At pH 4.3 the calcium and phosphorus percentages of Italian ryegrass dry weight were suppressed.

Taxon: Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume1
Treatment: pH 4.3e2
Outcome: percent content of calcium and phosphorus on dry weight basise2
Direction: suppressede2

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e1
“Even Italian ryegrass, which is moderately tolerant to the acidity of soil, the yield showed decrease, when the pH in the culture solution was lowered to 4.3”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 213–370

e2
“At pH 4.3, the percent content of calcium and phosphorus on dry weight basis was suppressed”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 372–463

Title

Studies on the Relation between the Tolerance of Crops to Soil Acidity and That to Low pH : (15) The effects of aluminum, hydrogen ion, lime, magnecium, nitrate and nitrite of varying concentrations on the growth of Italian ryegrass and milk vetch.

Shugo CHAMURA Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1967. doi:10.1626/jcs.36.4_361

Other claims from this paper (19)

Intervention effect At pH 4.3 the yield of Italian ryegrass decreased.
Intervention effect At pH 4.3 the growth of milk vetch decreased markedly.
Intervention effect At pH 4.3 the calcium and potassium percentages of milk vetch were suppressed.
Intervention effect Raising the pH of milk vetch culture from 5.3 to 6.3 decreased its yield; the inorganic matter percentage was also decreased.
Intervention effect Aluminum at 0.5 ppm inhibited the growth of milk vetch.
Intervention effect The same aluminum concentration promoted the growth of Italian ryegrass.
Intervention effect Aluminum at 5 ppm severely suppressed the dry weight percentage of phosphorus in both forage crops and strongly reduced their growth.
Observation The dry weight percentages of calcium, potassium and magnesium were suppressed in milk vetch.
Intervention effect A low concentration of both lime and magnesium was highly injurious to plant growth.
Observation The optimum calcium concentration in the culture solution was higher for milk vetch than for Italian ryegrass.
Intervention effect Increasing lime in the nutrient solution increased calcium percentage in the top of the plants.
Intervention effect Raising lime from low to standard level increased potassium percentage.
Intervention effect Lowering lime and magnesium together greatly increased the potassium percentage of Italian ryegrass.
Observation The optimum magnesium concentration in the culture solution was lower for milk vetch than for Italian ryegrass.
Intervention effect At low magnesium concentration, calcium percentage of milk vetch increased.
Intervention effect Raising magnesium from standard to high level decreased phosphorus and potassium percentages.
Intervention effect Increasing nitrate decreased the yield of milk vetch markedly, with a decrease in leaf-blade starch.
Intervention effect Nitrite nitrogen at 2 ppm was injurious to the growth of milk vetch.
Intervention effect The same nitrite concentration promoted the growth of Italian ryegrass.

The epidemiology of Phytophthora infestans. IV. Spraying trials, 1959 to 1963, and the infection of tubers 4

Show all 4 →

Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultbasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

For Majestic potato, control depends chiefly on prolonging haulm life to maximise tuber yield.

Taxon: potatoSolanum tuberosume0
Material: Majestice1
Outcome: prolonging the life of the haulm to ensure the maximum yield of tuberse1

Verbatim

e0
“The methods needed to decrease losses from potato blight in the variety Majestic are different from those required for King Edward”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 8–138

e1
“Few Majestic tubers become infected and control depends chiefly on prolonging the life of the haulm to ensure the maximum yield of tubers”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 140–277

Title

The epidemiology of Phytophthora infestans. IV. Spraying trials, 1959 to 1963, and the infection of tubers

J. M. HIRST; O. J. STEDMAN; J. LACEY; et al. Annals of Applied Biology 1965. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1965.tb07951.x

Other claims from this paper (9)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Killing the haulm when only 5% had been destroyed by blight gave the largest yield of sound tubers in fungicide-sprayed plots in the 1960 epidemic.

Taxon: potatoSolanum tuberosume0
Treatment: killing the haulm when only 5% had been destroyed by blighte6
Outcome: yield of sound tuberse5
Direction: largeste5
Qualifier: 1960 epidemice6

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“The methods needed to decrease losses from potato blight in the variety Majestic are different from those required for King Edward”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 8–138

e5
“The largest yield of sound tubers”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 666–699

e6
“in the 1960 epidemic was obtained after killing the haulm when only 5% had been destroyed by blight”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 729–828

Title

The epidemiology of Phytophthora infestans. IV. Spraying trials, 1959 to 1963, and the infection of tubers

J. M. HIRST; O. J. STEDMAN; J. LACEY; et al. Annals of Applied Biology 1965. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1965.tb07951.x

Other claims from this paper (9)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Allowing the foliage to survive later than the 5% haulm-destruction stage did not increase sound tuber yield, even in late, slow blight years.

Taxon: potatoSolanum tuberosume0
Treatment: Allowing the foliage to survive later than this stagee7
Outcome: yield of sound tuberse7
Direction: did not increasee7
Qualifier: even in years when blight attacks were late and slowe7

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“The methods needed to decrease losses from potato blight in the variety Majestic are different from those required for King Edward”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 8–138

e7
“Allowing the foliage to survive later than this stage did not increase the yield of sound tubers even in years when blight attacks were late and slow”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 830–979

Title

The epidemiology of Phytophthora infestans. IV. Spraying trials, 1959 to 1963, and the infection of tubers

J. M. HIRST; O. J. STEDMAN; J. LACEY; et al. Annals of Applied Biology 1965. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1965.tb07951.x

Other claims from this paper (9)

“yield decrease”

Claim types

Direction of the findings

Over time

Claim type

Research area

Polarity

Statistics

Estimation of Yield Decrease of Rice due to Weeds in Dry Sowing Culture 9

Some effects of cultivation and waterlogging on the availability of phosphorus in pasture soils 7

Influence of Decrease in Stolon Number Caused by Low Temperature on Yield of Ladino White Clover Sward 6

Analysis of Yield-Determining Process and Its Application to Yield-Prediction and Culture Improvement of Lowland Rice. : LXXXII. Effect of nitrogen depletion at different growth stages on the growth and yield of rice. 6

Experiments on the time of application of insecticide to decrease the spread of yellowing viruses of sugar beet, 1954‐66 5

Analysis of Yield-Determining Process and Its Application to Yield Prediction and Culture Improvement of Lowland Rice. : LXXXV. An investigation on the percentage of ripened grains from the point of analytical view of the number of spikelets per unit area. 5

The Effect of Irregular Disposition of Rice Plant on Yield in Direct Sowing Culture 5

Studies in Physiological Analysis of Yield. IX, Effect of Light Intensity on the Development of the Wheat Grain 4

Studies on the Relation between the Tolerance of Crops to Soil Acidity and That to Low pH : (15) The effects of aluminum, hydrogen ion, lime, magnecium, nitrate and nitrite of varying concentrations on the growth of Italian ryegrass and milk vetch. 4

The epidemiology of Phytophthora infestans. IV. Spraying trials, 1959 to 1963, and the infection of tubers 4