Search claims · PlantClaims

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

D15 increased water productivity by 1.1% over D5 in the wet year.

Taxon: winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: D15e0
Outcome: crop water productivitye1
Direction: increasede0
Value: 1.1 %e0
Qualifier: wet yeare0
Comparator: D5e1

Verbatim

e0
“D15 increased those by 1.1 % and 0.5 % in wet year”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1328–1378

e1
“Compared with D5, deep urea placement significantly increased the crop N uptake (10.4–27.6 %), grain N content (1.2–18.7 %), N recovery efficiency (NRE, 0.9–16.7 %) and N partial productivity (PFPN, 1.1–20.0 %) in dry and normal years, and D15 promoted those by 0.9 %, 1.3 %, 3.7 % and 1.1 % over D5 under wet year. Additionally, compared with D5, deep urea placement increased crop water productivity (WP) and yield by …” Show full quote
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 850–1379

t0
“winter wheat”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 122–134

Title

Optimizing urea deep placement to rainfall can maximize crop water-nitrogen productivity and decrease nitrate leaching in winter wheat

Yingxin Wang; Qin Guo; Yirui Xu; et al. Agricultural Water Management 2022. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107971

Other claims from this paper (16)

Intervention effect Deep urea placement increased root length and weight densities at 20–60 cm.
Intervention effect Deep urea placement increased grain nitrogen content by 1.2–18.7% in dry and normal years.
Intervention effect Deep urea placement increased nitrogen recovery efficiency by 0.9–16.7% in dry and normal years.
Intervention effect Deep urea placement increased nitrogen partial productivity by 1.1–20.0% in dry and normal years.
Intervention effect D15 increased nitrogen uptake by 0.9% over D5 in the wet year.
Intervention effect D15 increased grain nitrogen content by 1.3% over D5 in the wet year.
Intervention effect D15 increased nitrogen recovery efficiency by 3.7% over D5 in the wet year.
Intervention effect D15 increased nitrogen partial productivity by 1.1% over D5 in the wet year.
Intervention effect Deep urea placement increased crop water productivity by 9.6–23.9% in dry and normal years.
Intervention effect Deep urea placement increased yield by 3.2–20.0% in dry and normal years.
Intervention effect D15 increased yield by 0.5% over D5 in the wet year.
Intervention effect Deep urea placement raised soil nitrate accumulation by 4.7–14.5% compared with D5.
Observation Urea placement at 28.0–30.0 cm maximized wheat yield, grain nitrogen content and water productivity in dry years.
Observation Urea placement at 20.7–21.6 cm maximized wheat yield, grain nitrogen content and water productivity in normal years.
Observation Urea placement at 12.3–13.1 cm maximized wheat yield, grain nitrogen content and water productivity in wet years.
Recommendation The authors recommend adjusting moderate urea placement depth to precipitation conditions.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Supraoptimal CO2 decreased specific leaf weight, NAR and Pn.

Taxon: lettuceLactuca sativae2
Treatment: Enrichment of CO2 to a supraoptimal level of 92 mmol m-3 (2000 mm3 dm-3)e4
Outcome: specific leaf weight, NAR and Pne0
Direction: decreasede0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“decreased specific leaf weight, NAR and Pn”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 832–874

e1
“decreased specific leaf weight, NAR and Pn”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 832–874

t0
“Effects of CO2and Photosynthetic Photon Flux on Yield, Gas Exchange and Growth Rate ofLactuca SativaL. ‘Waldmann’s Green”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–120

e2
“Enrichment of CO2 to 46 mmol m-3 (1000 mm3 dm-3) at a moderate photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 450 micromoles m-2 s-1 stimulated fresh and dry weight gain of lettuce leaves 39% to 75% relative to plants at 16 mmol m-3 CO2 (350 mm3 dm-3).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–241

e3
“high PPF of 880-900 micromoles m-2 s-1 gave further, substantial increases in growth, RGR, net assimilation rate (NAR) and photosynthetic rate (Pn), but a decrease in leaf area ratio (LAR), at 46 or 69 mmol m-3 (1000 or 1500 mm3 dm-3) CO2”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 423–661

e4
“Enrichment of CO2 to a supraoptimal level of 92 mmol m-3 (2000 mm3 dm-3) at high PPF increased leaf area and LAR”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 718–830

Title

Effects of CO₂and Photosynthetic Photon Flux on Yield, Gas Exchange and Growth Rate ofLactuca SativaL. ‘Waldmann’s Green'

SHARON L. KNIGHT; CARY A. MITCHELL Journal of Experimental Botany 1988. doi:10.1093/jxb/39.3.317

Other claims from this paper (9)

Intervention effect CO2 enrichment increased lettuce leaf fresh weight gain by 39–75% at moderate PPF.
Intervention effect CO2 enrichment increased lettuce leaf dry weight gain by 39–75% at moderate PPF.
Observation Relative growth rate increased only in the first days of exponential growth.
Intervention effect CO2 above 46 mmol m−3 gave no further growth benefit at moderate PPF.
Intervention effect High PPF increased growth, RGR and NAR at 46 or 69 mmol m−3 CO2.
Intervention effect High PPF increased photosynthetic rate at enriched CO2.
Intervention effect High PPF decreased leaf area ratio.
Intervention effect At high PPF, supraoptimal CO2 increased leaf area and LAR.
Intervention effect Supraoptimal CO2 had no effect on organ dry weights or RGR compared with 69 mmol m−3 CO2.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

In hybrid 7, elevated temperatures and excess light intensity led to a higher relative accumulation of LHCII.

Taxon: sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
Material: hybrid 7e1
Treatment: elevated temperatures and excess light intensitye0
Outcome: relative accumulation of the light-harvesting complex of the photosystem (LHCII)e3
Direction: highere3
Comparator: morning environmental conditionse2

Verbatim

e0
“This study examined the photosynthetic responses of two sunflower hybrids to elevated temperatures and excess light intensity in the flowering stage”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–148

e1
“In hybrid 7, the elevated temperatures and the excess light intensity resulted in the inactivation of the oxygen-evolving complex”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 854–983

e2
“The morning environmental conditions were considered optimal, while the afternoon was characterised by elevated temperatures and excess light intensity”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 352–503

e3
“the increase in the maximum quantum yield of PSII (TR0/ABS), the decrease in the electron transport further than the primary acceptor QA (ET0/(TR0-ET0)), the reduction in the performance index (PIABS), and the higher relative accumulation of the light-harvesting complex of the photosystem (LHCII)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1040–1337

Title

Effect of Elevated Temperature and Excess Light on Photosynthetic Efficiency, Pigments, and Proteins in the Field-Grown Sunflower during Afternoon

Antonela Markulj Kulundžić; Marija Viljevac Vuletić; Maja Matoša Kočar; et al. Horticulturae 2022. doi:10.3390/horticulturae8050392

Other claims from this paper (11)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

D15 increased nitrogen uptake by 0.9% over D5 in the wet year.

Taxon: winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: D15e0
Outcome: N uptakee1
Direction: promotede0
Value: 0.9 %e0
Qualifier: wet yeare0
Comparator: D5e0

Verbatim

e0
“D15 promoted those by 0.9 %, 1.3 %, 3.7 % and 1.1 % over D5 under wet year”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1090–1164

e1
“Compared with D5, deep urea placement significantly increased the crop N uptake (10.4–27.6 %), grain N content (1.2–18.7 %), N recovery efficiency (NRE, 0.9–16.7 %) and N partial productivity (PFPN, 1.1–20.0 %) in dry and normal years, and D15 promoted those by 0.9 %, 1.3 %, 3.7 % and 1.1 % over D5 under wet year. Additionally, compared with D5, deep urea placement increased crop water productivity (WP) and yield by …” Show full quote
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 850–1379

t0
“winter wheat”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 122–134

Title

Optimizing urea deep placement to rainfall can maximize crop water-nitrogen productivity and decrease nitrate leaching in winter wheat

Yingxin Wang; Qin Guo; Yirui Xu; et al. Agricultural Water Management 2022. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107971

Other claims from this paper (16)

Intervention effect Deep urea placement increased root length and weight densities at 20–60 cm.
Intervention effect Deep urea placement increased grain nitrogen content by 1.2–18.7% in dry and normal years.
Intervention effect Deep urea placement increased nitrogen recovery efficiency by 0.9–16.7% in dry and normal years.
Intervention effect Deep urea placement increased nitrogen partial productivity by 1.1–20.0% in dry and normal years.
Intervention effect D15 increased grain nitrogen content by 1.3% over D5 in the wet year.
Intervention effect D15 increased nitrogen recovery efficiency by 3.7% over D5 in the wet year.
Intervention effect D15 increased nitrogen partial productivity by 1.1% over D5 in the wet year.
Intervention effect Deep urea placement increased crop water productivity by 9.6–23.9% in dry and normal years.
Intervention effect Deep urea placement increased yield by 3.2–20.0% in dry and normal years.
Intervention effect D15 increased water productivity by 1.1% over D5 in the wet year.
Intervention effect D15 increased yield by 0.5% over D5 in the wet year.
Intervention effect Deep urea placement raised soil nitrate accumulation by 4.7–14.5% compared with D5.
Observation Urea placement at 28.0–30.0 cm maximized wheat yield, grain nitrogen content and water productivity in dry years.
Observation Urea placement at 20.7–21.6 cm maximized wheat yield, grain nitrogen content and water productivity in normal years.
Observation Urea placement at 12.3–13.1 cm maximized wheat yield, grain nitrogen content and water productivity in wet years.
Recommendation The authors recommend adjusting moderate urea placement depth to precipitation conditions.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained LAI before silking.

Taxon: Summer MaizeZea mayst0
Material: Zhendan958e1
Treatment: subsoiling at jointing stagee0
Outcome: LAI before silkinge0
Direction: limitede0
Comparator: non-subsoilinge0

Verbatim

t0
“Summer Maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 87–99

e0
“compared with non-subsoiling,subsoiling at jointing stage achieved the following characters: plant height and ear height decreased by 17.3 cm and 9.0 cm,stem diameter decreased by 2.7 mm,and one leaf less;the increase of LAI before silking was limited,while decrease of LAI after silking was slow;stomatal conductance,intercellular CO2 concentration,transpiration rate,net photosynthetic rate of ear leaves decreased 38%…” Show full quote
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 302–1013

e1
“Zhendan958 was applied in the field experiment.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–47

Title

Effects of Subsoiling at Jointing Stage on Dry Matter Production and Photosynthesis of Summer Maize

Dongxing Zhang Yumi kexue 2013

Other claims from this paper (17)

Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained plant height by 17.3 cm.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained ear height by 9.0 cm.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained stem diameter by 2.7 mm.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained leaf by one leaf.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained LAI after silking.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained stomatal conductance by 38%.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained intercellular CO2 concentration by 25.3%.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained transpiration rate by 42.5%.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained net photosynthetic rate by 2.0%.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained dry matter production by 1 519.5 kg/ha.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained dry matter production by 168.8 kg/ha.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained grain number by 100.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained economic index by 7 percentage.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained grain yield by 1 662.0 kg/ha.
Intervention effect The two nitrogen regimes did not differ significantly for the studied outcomes.
Association No subsoiling by nitrogen regime interaction was observed.
Recommendation The authors conclude that jointing-stage subsoiling is unsuitable.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained LAI after silking.

Taxon: Summer MaizeZea mayst0
Material: Zhendan958e1
Treatment: subsoiling at jointing stagee0
Outcome: LAI after silkinge0
Direction: slowe0
Comparator: non-subsoilinge0

Verbatim

t0
“Summer Maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 87–99

e0
“compared with non-subsoiling,subsoiling at jointing stage achieved the following characters: plant height and ear height decreased by 17.3 cm and 9.0 cm,stem diameter decreased by 2.7 mm,and one leaf less;the increase of LAI before silking was limited,while decrease of LAI after silking was slow;stomatal conductance,intercellular CO2 concentration,transpiration rate,net photosynthetic rate of ear leaves decreased 38%…” Show full quote
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 302–1013

e1
“Zhendan958 was applied in the field experiment.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–47

Title

Effects of Subsoiling at Jointing Stage on Dry Matter Production and Photosynthesis of Summer Maize

Dongxing Zhang Yumi kexue 2013

Other claims from this paper (17)

Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained plant height by 17.3 cm.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained ear height by 9.0 cm.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained stem diameter by 2.7 mm.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained leaf by one leaf.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained LAI before silking.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained stomatal conductance by 38%.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained intercellular CO2 concentration by 25.3%.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained transpiration rate by 42.5%.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained net photosynthetic rate by 2.0%.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained dry matter production by 1 519.5 kg/ha.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained dry matter production by 168.8 kg/ha.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained grain number by 100.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained economic index by 7 percentage.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained grain yield by 1 662.0 kg/ha.
Intervention effect The two nitrogen regimes did not differ significantly for the studied outcomes.
Association No subsoiling by nitrogen regime interaction was observed.
Recommendation The authors conclude that jointing-stage subsoiling is unsuitable.

Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivebasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

Reduced nitrogen was beneficial for nutrient absorption, nitrogen use efficiency and lower soil inorganic nitrogen residue and leaching under combined P and K application.

Taxon: cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
Treatment: reduced nitrogene6
Outcome: nitrogen use efficiencye6

Verbatim

e0
“Taking‘Chungan 3'cabbage as material,with the open vegetable fields in Yanqing county of this area as the object,six treatments were set up,including the control group without fertilization”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–189

e6
“excess nitrogen fertilizer and improper ratio of phosphorus and potassium was unsuitable for the crops on the absorption of nutrients,leading to large amounts of accumulation of inorganic nitrogen in soil and leaching loss;under combined application of phosphorus and potassium,the reduced nitrogen for treatment was beneficial to the crops on the absorption of nutrients,to improve the nitrogen use efficiency,to reduce…” Show full quote
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2680–3283

Title

Effects of Located Fertilization on Nitrogen Utilization and Environment in Vegetable Field in the Cold Zone

MA Mao-tin Northern Horticulture 2013

Other claims from this paper (17)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained stomatal conductance by 38%.

Taxon: Summer MaizeZea mayst0
Material: Zhendan958e1
Treatment: subsoiling at jointing stagee0
Outcome: stomatal conductancee0
Direction: decreasede0
Value: 38%e0
Comparator: non-subsoilinge0

Verbatim

t0
“Summer Maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 87–99

e0
“compared with non-subsoiling,subsoiling at jointing stage achieved the following characters: plant height and ear height decreased by 17.3 cm and 9.0 cm,stem diameter decreased by 2.7 mm,and one leaf less;the increase of LAI before silking was limited,while decrease of LAI after silking was slow;stomatal conductance,intercellular CO2 concentration,transpiration rate,net photosynthetic rate of ear leaves decreased 38%…” Show full quote
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 302–1013

e1
“Zhendan958 was applied in the field experiment.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–47

Title

Effects of Subsoiling at Jointing Stage on Dry Matter Production and Photosynthesis of Summer Maize

Dongxing Zhang Yumi kexue 2013

Other claims from this paper (17)

Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained plant height by 17.3 cm.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained ear height by 9.0 cm.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained stem diameter by 2.7 mm.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained leaf by one leaf.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained LAI before silking.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained LAI after silking.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained intercellular CO2 concentration by 25.3%.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained transpiration rate by 42.5%.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained net photosynthetic rate by 2.0%.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained dry matter production by 1 519.5 kg/ha.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained dry matter production by 168.8 kg/ha.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained grain number by 100.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained economic index by 7 percentage.
Intervention effect Subsoiling at jointing reduced or constrained grain yield by 1 662.0 kg/ha.
Intervention effect The two nitrogen regimes did not differ significantly for the studied outcomes.
Association No subsoiling by nitrogen regime interaction was observed.
Recommendation The authors conclude that jointing-stage subsoiling is unsuitable.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

D15 increased grain nitrogen content by 1.3% over D5 in the wet year.

Taxon: winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: D15e0
Outcome: grain N contente1
Direction: promotede0
Value: 1.3 %e0
Qualifier: wet yeare0
Comparator: D5e0

Verbatim

e0
“D15 promoted those by 0.9 %, 1.3 %, 3.7 % and 1.1 % over D5 under wet year”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1090–1164

e1
“Compared with D5, deep urea placement significantly increased the crop N uptake (10.4–27.6 %), grain N content (1.2–18.7 %), N recovery efficiency (NRE, 0.9–16.7 %) and N partial productivity (PFPN, 1.1–20.0 %) in dry and normal years, and D15 promoted those by 0.9 %, 1.3 %, 3.7 % and 1.1 % over D5 under wet year. Additionally, compared with D5, deep urea placement increased crop water productivity (WP) and yield by …” Show full quote
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 850–1379

t0
“winter wheat”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 122–134

Title

Optimizing urea deep placement to rainfall can maximize crop water-nitrogen productivity and decrease nitrate leaching in winter wheat

Yingxin Wang; Qin Guo; Yirui Xu; et al. Agricultural Water Management 2022. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107971

Other claims from this paper (16)

Intervention effect Deep urea placement increased root length and weight densities at 20–60 cm.
Intervention effect Deep urea placement increased grain nitrogen content by 1.2–18.7% in dry and normal years.
Intervention effect Deep urea placement increased nitrogen recovery efficiency by 0.9–16.7% in dry and normal years.
Intervention effect Deep urea placement increased nitrogen partial productivity by 1.1–20.0% in dry and normal years.
Intervention effect D15 increased nitrogen uptake by 0.9% over D5 in the wet year.
Intervention effect D15 increased nitrogen recovery efficiency by 3.7% over D5 in the wet year.
Intervention effect D15 increased nitrogen partial productivity by 1.1% over D5 in the wet year.
Intervention effect Deep urea placement increased crop water productivity by 9.6–23.9% in dry and normal years.
Intervention effect Deep urea placement increased yield by 3.2–20.0% in dry and normal years.
Intervention effect D15 increased water productivity by 1.1% over D5 in the wet year.
Intervention effect D15 increased yield by 0.5% over D5 in the wet year.
Intervention effect Deep urea placement raised soil nitrate accumulation by 4.7–14.5% compared with D5.
Observation Urea placement at 28.0–30.0 cm maximized wheat yield, grain nitrogen content and water productivity in dry years.
Observation Urea placement at 20.7–21.6 cm maximized wheat yield, grain nitrogen content and water productivity in normal years.
Observation Urea placement at 12.3–13.1 cm maximized wheat yield, grain nitrogen content and water productivity in wet years.
Recommendation The authors recommend adjusting moderate urea placement depth to precipitation conditions.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

D15 increased nitrogen recovery efficiency by 3.7% over D5 in the wet year.

Taxon: winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: D15e0
Outcome: N recovery efficiencye1
Direction: promotede0
Value: 3.7 %e0
Qualifier: wet yeare0
Comparator: D5e0

Verbatim

e0
“D15 promoted those by 0.9 %, 1.3 %, 3.7 % and 1.1 % over D5 under wet year”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1090–1164

e1
“Compared with D5, deep urea placement significantly increased the crop N uptake (10.4–27.6 %), grain N content (1.2–18.7 %), N recovery efficiency (NRE, 0.9–16.7 %) and N partial productivity (PFPN, 1.1–20.0 %) in dry and normal years, and D15 promoted those by 0.9 %, 1.3 %, 3.7 % and 1.1 % over D5 under wet year. Additionally, compared with D5, deep urea placement increased crop water productivity (WP) and yield by …” Show full quote
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 850–1379

t0
“winter wheat”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 122–134

Title

Optimizing urea deep placement to rainfall can maximize crop water-nitrogen productivity and decrease nitrate leaching in winter wheat

Yingxin Wang; Qin Guo; Yirui Xu; et al. Agricultural Water Management 2022. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107971

Other claims from this paper (16)

Intervention effect Deep urea placement increased root length and weight densities at 20–60 cm.
Intervention effect Deep urea placement increased grain nitrogen content by 1.2–18.7% in dry and normal years.
Intervention effect Deep urea placement increased nitrogen recovery efficiency by 0.9–16.7% in dry and normal years.
Intervention effect Deep urea placement increased nitrogen partial productivity by 1.1–20.0% in dry and normal years.
Intervention effect D15 increased nitrogen uptake by 0.9% over D5 in the wet year.
Intervention effect D15 increased grain nitrogen content by 1.3% over D5 in the wet year.
Intervention effect D15 increased nitrogen partial productivity by 1.1% over D5 in the wet year.
Intervention effect Deep urea placement increased crop water productivity by 9.6–23.9% in dry and normal years.
Intervention effect Deep urea placement increased yield by 3.2–20.0% in dry and normal years.
Intervention effect D15 increased water productivity by 1.1% over D5 in the wet year.
Intervention effect D15 increased yield by 0.5% over D5 in the wet year.
Intervention effect Deep urea placement raised soil nitrate accumulation by 4.7–14.5% compared with D5.
Observation Urea placement at 28.0–30.0 cm maximized wheat yield, grain nitrogen content and water productivity in dry years.
Observation Urea placement at 20.7–21.6 cm maximized wheat yield, grain nitrogen content and water productivity in normal years.
Observation Urea placement at 12.3–13.1 cm maximized wheat yield, grain nitrogen content and water productivity in wet years.
Recommendation The authors recommend adjusting moderate urea placement depth to precipitation conditions.

“yield decrease”

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