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“yield decrease”

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Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativenot significant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Ear shading caused a slightly greater yield decrease for Proctor and Herta, without significant varietal differences.

Treatment: shading the earse0
Outcome: grain yielde0
Direction: decreasee0

Not reportedTaxonComparator

Verbatim

e0
“the decrease in grain yield by shading the ears was slightly greater for Proctor and Herta, the differences were not significant.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1652–1781

Title

Physiological Causes of Differences in Grain Yield between Varieties of Barley

D. J. WATSON; GILLIAN N. THORNE; S. A. W. FRENCH Annals of Botany 1958. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a083616

Other claims from this paper (19)

Association Proctor and Herta yielded 10—15 per cent more grain than Plumage-Archer without nitrogen fertilizer.
Intervention effect Nitrogen increased the varietal grain yield difference to about 30 per cent.
Intervention effect Higher nitrogen caused Plumage-Archer lodging without increasing its yield.
Observation Proctor and Herta remained standing under higher nitrogen.
Observation The three varieties had similar leaf-area index, net assimilation rate and total dry weight before ear emergence.
Association After ear emergence Herta had a smaller leaf-area index than Proctor and Plumage-Archer.
Observation Shaded-ear pot experiment found nearly equal dry matter contribution per leaf area across varieties.
Mechanism The authors attributed higher yield to photosynthesis by the ears.
Association In pots, Proctor and Herta yielded only about 6 per cent more than Plumage-Archer.
Association Field ear sizes were greater for Proctor and Herta than Plumage-Archer.
Association Ear dry weight at emergence was greater in the higher yielding varieties.
Observation Herta ears may have higher photosynthetic efficiency.
Association Plumage-Archer absorbed more potassium.
Association Herta absorbed less phosphorus than the other varieties.
Observation About a quarter of final nitrogen was absorbed after ear emergence.
Observation A third of phosphorus was absorbed after ear emergence.
Observation Potassium content was nearly maximal at ear emergence and later decreased.
Observation Ear photosynthesis contributed 26 per cent of grain dry matter, including 10 per cent from awns.
Observation Flag-leaf lamina, sheath and peduncle supplied 59 per cent of grain dry matter, and lower shoots supplied 15 per cent.

Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Higher manganese and boron concentrations were associated with decrease in barley yield.

Taxon: BarleyHordeum vulgaree1
Treatment: manganese and boron coucentrationse0
Outcome: yielde0
Direction: decreasee0

Verbatim

e0
“A decrease in yield and an increase in spotting were found to be associated with an increase in the manganese and boron coucentrations of the solutions”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 336–487

e1
“Barley plants grown in standard Hoagland solutions”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 177–227

Title

Manganese and Boron Toxicities in Standard Culture Solutions1

D. Emerton Williams; James Vlamis Soil Science Society of America Journal 1957. doi:10.2136/sssaj1957.03615995002100020018x

Other claims from this paper (19)

Observation Recommended manganese and boron concentrations were toxic to barley.
Observation Recommended manganese and boron concentrations were slightly toxic to lettuce.
Observation Recommended manganese and boron concentrations were non-toxic to tomato plants.
Observation Barley in standard Hoagland solution developed dark brown older-leaf spots.
Association Higher manganese and boron concentrations were associated with increase in barley spotting.
Association Barley leaf manganese content correlated with toxicity symptoms.
Intervention effect Decreasing the manganese concentration repressed or prevented barley manganese spots.
Intervention effect increasing the macro-salt concentration repressed or prevented barley manganese spots.
Intervention effect adding sodium silicate repressed or prevented barley manganese spots.
Intervention effect Supplemental calcium salts reduced barley leaf manganese.
Intervention effect Supplemental magnesium salts reduced barley leaf manganese.
Intervention effect Supplemental potassium salts reduced barley leaf manganese.
Intervention effect Silicon repressed barley manganese toxicity symptoms.
Intervention effect Silicon had no effect on barley leaf manganese content.
Intervention effect Reducing the boron concentration eliminated boron spotting in barley.
Intervention effect increasing the macro-salt concentration eliminated boron spotting in barley.
Intervention effect Added silicon slightly reduced barley boron necrosis.
Observation Winter-grown barley tolerated higher manganese before toxicity symptoms than summer-grown plants.
Observation Winter-grown barley tolerated higher boron concentrations before toxicity symptoms than summer-grown plants.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Night temperature 2°C below natural from the maximum stage did not promote Akiochi or decrease grain yield.

Taxon: RiceOryza sativat0
Treatment: 2°C 1owere0
Outcome: did note0

Not reportedComparatorDirection

Verbatim

t0
“Rice Plant”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 55–65

e0
“but 2°C 1ower plots did not”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 323–350

Title

Effect of Night Temperature at Ear-developing Stage on Rice Plant

S. ABE; M. WADA Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1957. doi:10.1626/jcs.26.99

Other claims from this paper (5)

Intervention effect High night temperature from the maximum tillers stage promoted Akiochi.
Intervention effect High night temperature from the maximum stage decreased grain yield.
Observation An 8 plot had the highest yield in the series treated from the maximum stage.
Intervention effect Higher night temperature from heading gave superior yield to natural temperature.
Intervention effect Lower night temperature from heading gave inferior yield to natural temperature.

Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Mean infection-related net assimilation rate decrease was about 20%.

Outcome: NARe0
Direction: decreasee0
Value: about 20%e0

Not reportedTaxon

Verbatim

e0
“mean decrease in NAR by infection was about 20%”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 857–904

Title

AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF INFECTION WITH LEAF‐ROLL VIRUS ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF POTATO PLANTS, AND OF ITS INTERACTIONS WITH NUTRIENT SUPPLY AND SHADING

D. J. WATSON; J. H. WILSON Annals of Applied Biology 1956. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1956.tb02134.x

Other claims from this paper (19)

Intervention effect Virus infection decreased total dry weight mainly through tuber dry weight loss.
Intervention effect Infection increased leaf and stem dry weight.
Intervention effect Infection slightly decreased root and stolon dry weight.
Intervention effect Nitrogenous fertilizer reduced virus-related tuber dry weight loss.
Intervention effect Phosphorus and potassium did not affect virus-related tuber loss.
Intervention effect Infection decreased net assimilation rate through early July.
Observation Infected plants had higher later net assimilation rate.
Intervention effect Infection decreased leaf area until early July.
Intervention effect Infection delayed leaf senescence and increased late leaf area.
Observation Mean infection-related leaf area decrease was 4%.
Mechanism Older rolled leaves had diminished photosynthetic efficiency underlying lower net assimilation.
Observation Nutrient effects on net assimilation and interactions with infection were small and rarely significant.
Intervention effect Nitrogenous fertilizer increased leaf area throughout growth.
Intervention effect Phosphorus increased early leaf area.
Intervention effect Phosphorus hastened senescence and decreased August leaf area.
Intervention effect Potassium increased leaf area particularly later in growth.
Observation Infected plants had more leaves than healthy plants beyond early growth.
Intervention effect Shading decreased net assimilation rate and increased leaf area without affecting yield.
Observation Virus-related yield loss was smaller in Up-to-Date than Craig’s Defiance.

Mechanismauthor interpretationoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The authors attribute ridge soil nutrient deficiency to oxidative soil conditions and link it to lower yield.

Taxon: Rice PlantsOryza sativat0
Outcome: yield decreasee0
Direction: decreasee0
Qualifier: striking development of the oxidative state in soilse0

Verbatim

t0
“Rice Plants”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 44–55

e0
“This nutritive deficiency was largely attributed to the striking development of the oxidative state in soils as already reported in the previous paper, and consequently caused the yield decrease.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2304–2499

Title

Fundamental Studies on the Ridge-Culture of Rice Plants : (4) Contents of Nitrogen and Carbondioxide in Soils, and the Plant Growth and Yields.

Tdayo WATABE; Kouji KITAGAWA; Yoshikazu YAGI; et al. Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1955. doi:10.1626/jcs.23.163

Other claims from this paper (17)

Observation Soil NH3-N decreased more rapidly under ridge than level culture.
Observation Ridge soils had more NO3-N than control soils.
Observation Ridge soils had more carbondioxide than control soils.
Intervention effect Rice plant height was greater in ridge plots during vegetative growth.
Intervention effect Rice tiller count was greater in ridge plots during vegetative growth.
Intervention effect Rice leaf blade nitrogen content was greater in ridge plots during vegetative growth.
Observation During generative growth, the earlier ridge advantage in height, tillers and leaf nitrogen reversed.
Intervention effect Rice root maximum length exceeded controls under ridge culture throughout growth.
Intervention effect Rice root dry weight exceeded controls under ridge culture throughout growth.
Observation Rice top-to-root ratio was higher under level culture than ridge culture.
Observation Rice heading was somewhat earlier in ridge plots than controls.
Intervention effect Rice grain weight per plant was greater in controls than ridge plots.
Intervention effect Rice grains per ear were greater in controls than ridge plots.
Intervention effect Grain weights relative to culm and leaf weights were markedly smaller in ridge plots.
Intervention effect Ridge culture reduced rice yield per unit area by 11∼23% compared with controls.
Mechanism Better ridge soil physical conditions may favor rice vegetative vigor.
Mechanism The authors attribute the decline of rice vegetative growth during generative growth to nutrient deficiency in ridge soil.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Ear shading reduced yield by 8%.

Treatment: shading of ite0
Outcome: yielde0
Direction: decreasee0
Value: 8 %e0

Not reportedTaxonComparator

Verbatim

e0
“shading of it induced a decrease of 8 % of yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1132–1180

Title

Studies on CO₂ Exchange in Crop Plants : IV. Roles played by the various parts of the photosynthetic organd of rice plant in producing grains during the ripening period.

T. TAKEDA; H. MARUTA Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1956. doi:10.1626/jcs.24.181

Other claims from this paper (15)

Intervention effect Shading ears from heading substantially affected grain yield.
Intervention effect Shading and defoliation of leaves from heading substantially affected yield.
Intervention effect Treatments started 20 days after heading had negligible yield effects.
Intervention effect Treatments begun 10 days after heading had intermediate effects.
Observation Carbohydrate translocation to grain nearly finished 20 days after heading.
Observation About one third of grain yield came from assimilates made before heading.
Observation The ear acted as an assimilating organ.
Observation Ear apparent photosynthesis was very low or negative.
Mechanism Large ear respiration may explain low apparent photosynthesis.
Observation Flag leaves remained photosynthetic after heading.
Observation Second, third and fourth leaves were more important as storage than photosynthetic organs.
Observation Fourth-leaf photosynthetic activity declined markedly as rice matured.
Observation Third-leaf photosynthetic activity declined after the fourth leaf.
Observation Second-leaf photosynthetic activity declined after the third leaf.
Observation Flag-leaf photosynthetic activity persisted until late ripening.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Increasing solution boron decreased strawberry fruit yield.

Taxon: strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
Treatment: Increasing the concentration of boron in the culture solutione0
Outcome: yield of fruite0
Direction: decreasee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Increasing the concentration of boron in the culture solution tended to increase the accumulation of boron by the plants and to decrease their yield of fruit.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 530–688

e1
“strawberry plants”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 172–189

Title

MAGNESIUM, CALCIUM, AND BORON NUTRITION OF THE STRAWBERRY IN RELATION TO BLACK ROOT DISEASE

C. D. Taper; W. B. Collins; H. R. Murray; et al. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 1957. doi:10.4141/cjps57-020

Other claims from this paper (5)

Intervention effect Increasing magnesium solution concentration increased plant magnesium accumulation.
Intervention effect Increasing magnesium solution concentration decreased plant calcium accumulation.
Intervention effect Increasing solution boron increased plant boron accumulation.
Intervention effect At 0.5 p.p.m. boron, all plants developed marginal leaf chlorosis and necrotic crowns and roots.
Mechanism The authors interpreted crown and root necrosis accompanying chlorosis as possible boron toxicity.

Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Plant tissue calcium content decreased with decreased yield.

Taxon: Alfalfa and CottonGossypium hirsutum Medicago sativat0
Organ / stage: plant tissuese0
Outcome: calcium contente0
Direction: decreasee0
Qualifier: decreased yieldse0

Verbatim

e0
“Associated with decreased yields of the plants tested was an increase in the sodium content and a corresponding decrease in the calcium content of the plant tissues.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1216–1381

t0
“Alfalfa and Cotton”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 85–103

Title

Effect of Exchangeable Sodium on Soil Properties and on Growth and Cation Content of Alfalfa and Cotton

C. W. Chang; H. E. Dregne Soil Science Society of America Journal 1955. doi:10.2136/sssaj1955.03615995001900010007x

Other claims from this paper (6)

Intervention effect Alfalfa yield declined beginning around 35% sodium saturation.
Intervention effect Cotton yield declined beginning around 35% sodium saturation.
Intervention effect Synthetic soil conditioner increased alfalfa growth at harmful sodium levels.
Intervention effect Synthetic soil conditioner had no appreciable effect on cotton growth.
Association Plant tissue sodium content increased with decreased yield.
Observation Lower alfalfa leaves reddened and their petioles collapsed, indicating proposed sodium induced calcium deficiency.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Leaf-stem ratio decreased remarkably in August.

Taxon: Jerusalem artichokeHelianthus tuberosust0
Outcome: leaf-stem ratioe0
Direction: Remarkable decreasee0

Verbatim

t0
“Jerusalem artichoke”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 42–61

e0
“Remarkable decrease, however, was seen in leaf-stem ratio during this period”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 324–400

Title

Studies on nutritive yield of green mowed Jerusalem artichoke : Part 1 Seasonable changes of nutrient components in leaves and stems

Hiromi CHIBA; Kunio KAGAWA Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1953. doi:10.1626/jcs.22.129

Other claims from this paper (15)

Observation Plant height and leaf and stem dry matter weight had their greatest daily increase in August.
Observation Leaves contained more crude protein than stems.
Observation Crude protein in leaves and stems rapidly decreased after August.
Observation Protein N was concentrated in leaves and non-protein N in stems.
Observation Stems contained more total sugar than leaves.
Observation Reducing sugar quantities were approximately equal in leaves and stems.
Observation Stem total and reducing sugars declined in summer and rose again in autumn.
Observation Leaf total and reducing sugars rose gradually after an initially low level.
Observation The reducing to total sugar ratio was higher in leaves than stems.
Observation Stems contained more nitrogen free extract and carbohydrate than leaves.
Observation Nitrogen free extract and carbohydrate rose with growth in leaves and stems but declined in stems in autumn.
Observation Carbohydrate to nitrogen free extract ratio was higher in stems than leaves.
Observation Stem carbohydrate converted to sugar more easily than leaf carbohydrate.
Intervention effect Additional fertilizer temporarily reduced nitrogen free extract.
Intervention effect Additional fertilizer increased crude protein.

Mechanismhypothesisoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Yellowing nearly explained the decrease in net assimilation if yellowed leaf parts do not photosynthesize, although similar carbohydrate fluctuations suggest photosynthesis may be little slowed and respiration may instead increase.

Taxon: sugar‐beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise2
Interactor: beet yellows virusBeet yellows viruse2pathogen
Outcome: decrease in N.A.R.e0
Qualifier: if yellowed parts of leaves do not photosynthesizee0

Verbatim

e0
“The yellowing almost sufficed to account for the decrease in N.A.R., if yellowed parts of leaves do not photosynthesize.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 461–581

e1
“However, the similar diurnal fluctuations of carbohydrate in the laminae of healthy and infected leaves suggests that photosynthesis may not be much slowed by infection; if so, the decrease in N.A.R. indicates a large increase in respiration rate, especially of the root.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 582–853

e2
“Infection with beet yellows virus depressed the dry‐matter yield of sugar‐beet plants”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–85

Title

COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE GROWTH OF FIELD CROPS

D. J. WATSON; MARION A. WATSON Annals of Applied Biology 1953. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1953.tb02364.x

Other claims from this paper (18)

Intervention effect Beet yellows infection depressed sugar-beet dry-matter yield by decreasing leaf area and net assimilation rate, without reducing leaf number.
Intervention effect End-of-June yellows infection yellowed 30‐50% of leaf area from mid-August; later infection caused less yellowing.
Intervention effect Late-sown infected plants had a greater leaf-area reduction but a smaller net-assimilation reduction than early-sown plants.
Observation Similarly treated plants had the same leaf-area reduction across two years but a much greater net-assimilation decrease in the second year.
Intervention effect Yellows dry-matter losses were mostly in roots, petiole dry weight also decreased, and leaf-lamina dry weight was little affected.
Intervention effect Yellows greatly increased reducing sugars and caused smaller sucrose and starch increases in leaf laminae, beginning with etch symptoms; starch effects peaked then while sugar effects increased with yellowing.
Intervention effect Yellows reduced leaf-lamina water content, nitrogen content and arealweight ratio.
Mechanism The carbohydrate rise could explain the nitrogen-content change but not the other leaf-lamina changes.
Intervention effect Yellows did not affect petiole and root water content but increased their nitrogen content.
Mechanism Yellows reduced root sucrose content, while decreased root weight accounted for most sugar-yield loss.
Intervention effect Beet mosaic infection decreased sugar-beet dry weight only with nitrogenous fertilizer, through reduced leaf area and net assimilation.
Intervention effect Mosaic depressed dry weights of leaf lamina, petiole and root.
Intervention effect Mosaic did not affect leaf-lamina carbohydrate content, water content or arealweight ratio.
Intervention effect Mosaic did not affect petiole and root water content.
Intervention effect Mosaic increased nitrogen content throughout plants receiving no nitrogenous fertilizer, but not in nitrogen-treated plants.
Intervention effect Mosaic slightly increased root sucrose content.
Intervention effect End-of-June mosaic infection caused a 20 yo sugar-yield loss in nitrogen-fertilized plants.
Intervention effect Yellows infection of similar plants at the same date reduced sugar yield by 50%.

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“yield decrease”

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