Search claims · PlantClaims

Intervention effect 292

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Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

At 1440 g/10 a of boron, a decrease in seeds per pod was also involved in the yield decrease.

Taxon: Kidney BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
Treatment: 1440 g/10 aの施用区e1
Outcome: 一莢内粒数e1
Direction: 低下e1

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e1
“1440 g/10 aの施用区では一莢内粒数の低下も関与した”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 514–544

t0
“Kidney Bean”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 72–83

Title

Effects of Boron Application on Seed Yield and Yield- Related Traits in Kidney Bean

Ichi SASAKI; Takuya KITABATAKE; Toshiki MATSUI; et al. Japanese Journal of Crop Science 2026. doi:10.1626/jcs.95.104

Other claims from this paper (15)

Intervention effect In trial 1, the FTE plot (citrate-soluble boron) raised kidney bean yield by 12% over the untreated plot (mean of cultivars and years).
Intervention effect In trial 1, the Agri-Ace plot (citrate-soluble boron and zinc) raised kidney bean yield by 9% over the untreated plot.
Intervention effect In trial 1, the water-soluble plot (water-soluble boron and zinc) raised kidney bean yield by 14% over the untreated plot.
Intervention effect Yield did not differ with or without zinc in the fertilizer materials.
Association Post-harvest soil content of boron alone showed a significant positive correlation with yield.
Mechanism The yield increase is considered to come from increased boron uptake.
Intervention effect At Ebetsu, yield peaked at boron application rates of 360-720 g/10 a.
Intervention effect At Obihiro, yield peaked at a boron application rate of 720 g/10 a.
Intervention effect Yield decreased at boron application rates of 1080 g/10 a or more.
Intervention effect The yield increase at the optimum boron rate relative to the untreated plot was mainly due to an increase in node number.
Intervention effect The yield decrease at 1080 g/10 a or more of boron was mainly due to fewer pods per node.
Observation At Ebetsu, post-harvest soil boron content exceeded the upper diagnostic limit of 1.3 ppm at 1080 g/10 a or more.
Observation At Obihiro, post-harvest soil boron content exceeded the upper diagnostic limit of 1.3 ppm at 1440 g/10 a.
Recommendation Applying about 360-720 g/10 a of boron is recommended as effective for increasing kidney bean yield.
Recommendation At this rate boron accumulation is not worrying, and continued application to kidney bean in a 3-4 year rotation is considered unproblematic.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Halving insect visits caused little sunflower yield decrease.

Taxon: sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
Treatment: insect visits were reduced by 50%e0
Outcome: yielde0
Direction: little decreasee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“little decrease in yield when insect visits were reduced by 50%”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 632–695

t0
“in sunflower, combining a gradient in insect pollination”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 208–264

Title

Pollination benefits are maximized at intermediate nutrient levels

Giovanni Tamburini; Francesco Lami; Lorenzo Marini Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 2017. doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.0729

Other claims from this paper (4)

Association Pollination benefits to sunflower yield peaked at intermediate N supply.
Intervention effect Pollination increased sunflower yield about 25% versus complete pollinator exclusion.
Association The authors found a nonlinear pollination by nutrient interaction in seed production.
Recommendation Optimal pollination could compensate for lower nitrogen applications.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Water stress decreased bud number and flower yield.

Taxon: Miniature Roset0
Treatment: Water stresse0
Outcome: number of buds and a decrease in flower yielde0
Direction: decreasee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Water stress caused a decrease in the number of buds and a decrease in flower yield.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 707–791

t0
“Miniature Rose Varieties”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 44–68

Title

Determination of Drought Resistance of Some Miniature Rose Varieties

Kürşad Demirel; Gülizar Rumeyse Doğan; Gökhan Çamoğlu; et al. Bahçe 2025. doi:10.53471/bahce.1548989

Other claims from this paper (5)

Intervention effect S100 had the highest flower number and S25 the lowest.
Observation Mandarin, Orange Juwel and Zwerkönig 78 flowered well at the stated 25% water restriction S75.
Observation Mandarin had lower ET than other varieties, with a reported range of 255.7-642.3 mm.
Observation Mandarin reached the highest plant height under S50.
Observation The authors concluded that Mandarin was more drought resistant than the other varieties.

Association 135

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Associationobservedoriginal resultsignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

The decrease in kernels per ear was associated with the decrease in grain yield (r2 = 0.88, P < 0.001).

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Organ / stage: eare4
Outcome: kernels per eare4
Direction: decreasee4
Value: r2 = 0.88e4

Verbatim

t0
“Differential responses of maize yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–37

e4
“The decrease in grain yield was largely caused by the decrease in kernels per ear (r2 = 0.88, P < 0.001)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 909–1013

Title

Differential responses of maize yield to drought at vegetative and reproductive stages

MI Na; Fu CAI; Yushu ZHANG; et al. Plant Soil and Environment 2018. doi:10.17221/141/2018-pse

Other claims from this paper (6)

Intervention effect Progressive drought significantly reduced maize grain yield during either the vegetative or the reproductive stage.
Intervention effect Reproductive-stage progressive drought reduced grain yield by 41.6-46.6%.
Intervention effect Vegetative-stage progressive drought reduced grain yield by 18.6-26.2%.
Intervention effect The grain yield reduction from reproductive-stage drought was greater than that from vegetative-stage drought.
Mechanism The decrease in kernels per ear largely caused the decrease in maize grain yield.
Recommendation Guaranteeing water supply for maize during the reproductive stage is crucially important to avoid yield loss.

Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Yield decrease with emergence date followed a quadratic or linear trend in each growing season.

Taxon: corn (Zea mays L.)Zea mayse0
Treatment: emergence datee7
Outcome: Yield decreasee7
Direction: decreasee7

Verbatim

e0
“seedling emergence uniformity in corn (Zea mays L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 12–63

e7
“Yield decrease as a function of emergence date followed either a quadratic or linear trend in each growing season”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1774–1887

Title

Single-Plant Grain Yield in Corn (Zea mays L.) Based on Emergence Date, Seed Size, Sowing Depth, and Plant to Plant Distance

Chad L. Kimmelshue; A. Susana Goggi; Kenneth J. Moore Crops 2022. doi:10.3390/crops2010006

Other claims from this paper (6)

Association Seed placement (sowing depth) was crucial to uniform corn emergence in both cropping systems.
Intervention effect Seed size did not affect corn emergence in either cropping system.
Intervention effect The perennial groundcover (PGC) cropping system delayed corn emergence compared with bare soil.
Intervention effect The PGC cropping system reduced corn grain yield by as much as 50% compared with bare soil.
Association Single-plant corn yield decreased with delayed emergence in both cropping systems.
Mechanism The yield decrease with later emergence is likely related to post-emergence environmental factors.

Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The in vitro decrease matched the decrease in vivo during auxin-induced growth acceleration.

Taxon: cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
Outcome: yield threshold obtained in vivo ( Y )e0
Direction: decreasee0
Comparator: auxin‐induced growth acceleratione0

Verbatim

e0
“to the same extent as the decrease of the yield threshold obtained in vivo ( Y ) with auxin‐induced growth acceleration of hypocotyl segments”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 506–647

t0
“cowpea hypocotyl”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 105–121

Title

The pH‐dependent yield threshold of the cell wall in a glycerinated hollow cylinder (in vitro system) of cowpea hypocotyl

H. OKAMOTO; A. OKAMOTO Plant Cell & Environment 1994. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.1994.tb00327.x

Other claims from this paper (5)

Observation Glycerinated cowpea hypocotyl cylinders had a definite cell wall yield threshold.
Intervention effect Acidification to pH 4 reversibly decreased the cell wall yield threshold.
Intervention effect Heat treatment completely inhibited the acidification-induced decrease in yield threshold.
Intervention effect Heat treatment significantly, but incompletely, inhibited the acidification-induced increase in cell wall extensibility.
Mechanism The authors infer that a wall-binding protein enzyme mediates the acid-induced fall in yield threshold.

Observation 78

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Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Cold-induced bolting was associated with a 10%-20% yield decrease.

Taxon: sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
Treatment: Cold temperaturee0
Outcome: yielde0
Direction: decreasee0
Value: 10%-20%e0

Verbatim

e0
“Cold temperature that would induce a biannual sugar beet to bolting,which would lead the yield to decrease 10%-20%”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–114

Title

Differential expression analysis of bolting genes in the cold induced sugar beet

Fengming Ma Dongbei Nongye Daxue xuebao 2009

Other claims from this paper (2)

Observation Cold-induced bolting was associated with a 0.8%-1.6% reduction in sugar ratio.
Method / resource A cDNA fragment DP3 was obtained from shoot tips of cold-induced sugar beet.

Observationauthor interpretationoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The jointing to spike formation stage was identified as the key period for UVB-related yield decrease.

Taxon: winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
Organ / stage: jointing-spike formatione0
Outcome: yield decreasee0

Verbatim

e0
“The key growing stage which cause the yield decrease is during the jointing-spike formation.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 754–846

t0
“winter wheat”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 29–41

Title

Yield and yield formation of winter wheat in response to enhanced solar ultraviolet-B radiation

Youfei Zheng; Wei Gao; James R. Slusser; et al. Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE 2002. doi:10.1117/12.452936

Other claims from this paper (1)

Intervention effect Supplemental UVB reduced winter wheat yield by up to 24% with an 11.4% UVB increase.

Observationobservedreview summarynegativebasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

Salicylic acid use sometimes causes growth retardation, sterility and yield decrease.

Taxon: plantt0
Treatment: SAe0
Outcome: growth retardation, sterility, and yield decreasee0

Verbatim

e0
“the use of SA in some cases may lead to negative results – growth retardation, sterility, and yield decrease”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2241–2349

t0
“plant production”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 90–106

t1
“plant production”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 90–106

Title

Stress-protective and regulatory properties of salicylic acid and prospects of its use in plant production

Yana Kavulych; Myroslava Kobyletska; Nataliya Romanyuk; et al. Studia Biologica 2023. doi:10.30970/sbi.1702.718

Other claims from this paper (6)

Mechanism 59

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Mechanismauthor interpretationoriginal resultsimulated

Claim · model-written summary

The decrease in maize yield with rising temperature could be attributed to a shorter crop duration.

Taxon: maizeZea mayse0
Treatment: increase in temperaturee0
Outcome: maize yielde0
Qualifier: decrease in duration of the crope0

Verbatim

e0
“The decrease in maize yield due to increase in temperature could be attributed to decrease in duration of the crop”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1089–1203

Title

Potential impact of future climate change on maize (Zea mays L.) under rainfed condition in central India

ROHIT PATIDAR; M. MOHANTY; NISHANT K. SINHA; et al. Journal of Agrometeorology 2021. doi:10.54386/jam.v22i1.117

Other claims from this paper (9)

Intervention effect In simulation, raising temperature from the base to 5 degrees C decreased maize grain yield by 40%.
Intervention effect In simulation, raising temperature from the base to 5 degrees C decreased maize biomass yield by 28%.
Intervention effect In simulation, a 1 degree C temperature increase could reduce maize grain yield by 10%.
Intervention effect In simulation, a 1 degree C temperature increase could reduce maize biomass yield by 8%.
Intervention effect In simulation, a 10% decrease of rainfall from the base gave a small increase in maize yield.
Intervention effect In simulation, a rainfall increase of 10% or more, or a decrease of more than 20%, resulted in lower maize yield and biomass.
Intervention effect In simulation, a one-degree temperature increase may shorten crop duration by 4.3 days.
Intervention effect Delaying sowing dates could reduce the impact of climate change on crop yield to a considerable extent.
Recommendation Adopting a sowing date between 7th and 14th July may reduce the impact of temperature change on maize grain and biomass yield in central India.

Mechanismauthor interpretationoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The decrease in seed setting rate was the main contribution to the decrease in grain yield.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Outcome: grain yieldse7
Direction: decreasee7
Qualifier: decrease in seed setting ratee7

Verbatim

t0
“elevated temperature effects on rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 122–158

e7
“The main contribution to the significant decrease of the grain yields was the decrease in seed setting rate”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1369–1476

Title

A hot-blast warming facility for simulating global warming in low-stature crop systems and its application case to assess elevated temperature effects on rice in Central China

Zuolin Zhang; Zhiyuan Yang; Shah Fahad; et al. Plant Methods 2020. doi:10.1186/s13007-020-00598-1

Other claims from this paper (11)

Method / resource The facility could increase rice canopy temperature by up to 1–2 °C.
Method / resource The facility had a power consumption of 0.164 kW/m2.
Method / resource The facility power consumption was 80% lower than that of Free Air Temperature Increase.
Method / resource The facility built a 25 m2 homogeneous heating area.
Intervention effect The facility had little effect on relative humidity in a paddy field.
Intervention effect Warming treatments significantly reduced rice grain yield by 4.4–22.7% in 2015 compared with the control.
Intervention effect Warming treatments significantly reduced rice grain yield by 30.8–61.9% in 2016 compared with the control.
Mechanism A reduction of 1000-grain weight led to a decline in grain yield.
Method / resource The increasing ranges of the temperature simulated by HBWF were stable across years.
Association Differences among elevated treatments in rice growth were mainly decided by the basic atmospheric temperature.
Recommendation The new warming facility is suitable for field trials assessing elevated temperature combinations.

Mechanismobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Lower seed yield in later fruit was mainly due to lower mean seed weight.

Organ / stage: later fruitse0
Outcome: seed yielde0
Direction: decreasee0
Qualifier: decrease in mean seed weighte0

Not reportedTaxon

Verbatim

e0
“the decrease in seed yield in later fruits was due mainly to a decrease in mean seed weight rather than a decrease in the number of seeds per fruit”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 817–964

Title

Fruit-set order affects seed yield and germinability in melon (Cucumis meloL.)

H. Nerson The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 2004. doi:10.1080/14620316.2004.11511878

Other claims from this paper (9)

Association Fruit weight and seed yield per fruit declined with later fruit-set order.
Association Fruits of the same order usually did not differ significantly across plant fruit counts.
Association Fruit weight declined more than seed yield in later fruits.
Association Small, late fruits produced seeds more efficiently.
Association Fruit-set order significantly affected germination percentage.
Association Later set fruit had greater germination percentage.
Association The germination gain was stronger when fruit was harvested before or after maturity.
Association Fruit number and set order did not significantly affect mean days to germination.
Intervention effect Seed storage for up to five years improved germination rate.

Recommendation 5

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Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultnegativebasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

Maintaining a high proportion of double-flowered plants may decrease seed yield.

Taxon: zinniaZinniat0
Outcome: seed yielde0
Qualifier: may decreasee0

Verbatim

e0
“maintaining a high percentage of plants with double-flowered capitula may decrease seed yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 840–933

t0
“Zinnia”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 12–18

Title

Analysis of Zinnia Capitulum Composition

Daiichiro Miyajima; Masaaki Nakayama Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 1994. doi:10.21273/jashs.119.4.683

Other claims from this paper (6)

Observation A capitulum accumulated fewer than 20 newly opened florets daily for more than 15 days.
Observation Kumamotonokagayaki had 210 to 330 florets per capitulum.
Observation Snowball had 220 to 290 florets per capitulum.
Observation Purple Zem had 160 to 240 florets per capitulum.
Association Tubular floret numbers were negatively correlated with ray floret numbers.
Observation Ornamentally superior capitula had more ray and fewer tubular florets than single-flowered capitula.

Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivebasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

The authors recommend improving pollen viability and reducing embryo sac dysplasia and embryo abortion to increase seed yield.

Taxon: Caucasian cloverTrifolium ambiguumt0
Outcome: improve pollen viability, to decrease embryo sac dysplasia and to reduce embryo abortione0

Verbatim

t0
“Caucasian clover”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 76–92

e0
“the breeding aim should be to improve pollen viability, to decrease embryo sac dysplasia and to reduce embryo abortion that could be targeted for genetic improvement to enhance seed yields.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1571–1760

Title

Morphology of flower bud differentiation and floral organ specialization in Caucasian clover

Hui‐min Zhang; Ming‐jiu Wang; John Hampton; et al. Grass and Forage Science 2024. doi:10.1111/gfs.12658

Other claims from this paper (11)

Observation Caucasian clover flower bud differentiation has six consecutive stages.
Observation The anther has two chambers.
Observation Pollen grains have six developmental phases.
Observation The microspore tetrad is tetrahedral and mature pollen grains are bicellular.
Observation Pollen grain viability was 35%.
Observation The monocarpelate ovary contains one or two ovules covered by two layer integuments.
Observation The ovule is anatropous.
Observation Embryo sac development is polygonum type.
Observation The floral formula was reported.
Mechanism Two pollen sacs and low pollen viability may explain low natural seed setting.
Mechanism Embryo sac dysplasia and resulting ovule sterility may also explain poor seed setting.

Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultbasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

The authors proposed manipulating days to 50% flowering to change reproductive duration.

Taxon: lentilLens culinarist0
Outcome: manipulation of days to 50% floweringe0

Verbatim

t0
“lentil”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 69–75

e0
“Therefore manipulation of days to 50% flowering is important to increase or decrease the reproduction duration.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 777–888

Title

Impact of reproductive duration on yield and its component traits in lentil

Jitendra Kumar; Ekta Srivatava Legume Research - An International Journal 2015. doi:10.5958/0976-0571.2015.00077.6

Other claims from this paper (13)

Observation Reproductive duration and other agronomic traits varied significantly, except harvest index.
Observation Harvest index did not show significant variability.
Association Longer reproductive duration was associated with lower yield.
Association Long reproductive duration was associated with increased seed size.
Association Variability in reproductive duration depended on days to 50% flowering rather than days to maturity.
Association Days to 50% flowering and days to maturity had a highly significant negative correlation.
Association Biological yield per plant was positively related to grain yield.
Association Plant height had a positive impact on biological yield.
Association Pods per plant had a positive impact on biological yield.
Association Harvest index was not associated with reproductive duration.
Observation LL 864 had the maximum pods per plant, high biological yield, and high yield.
Observation IC520341 was identified for early flowering.
Recommendation The identified genotypes could be useful in breeding early maturing, high yielding lentils.

Method / resource 3

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Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultnegativeprojected

Claim · model-written summary

A literature lettuce yield of 700 kg m −2 yr −1 would require a 51% shorter crop cycle of 6.8 days.

Taxon: lettuceLactuca sativae0
Outcome: crop cycle timee0
Direction: decreasee0
Value: 51%e0
Qualifier: 6.8 dayse0
Comparator: 700 kg m −2 yr −1e0

Verbatim

e0
“Further improvements in VF lettuce yields from the literature (700 kg m −2 yr −1 ) would require an unprecedented 51% decrease in crop cycle time (6.8 days).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 813–970

Title

Think sink, not source: how vertical farming’s potential is limited by crop breeding

Gertjan Meeuws; Daan Heeling; José M. Mogollón; et al. Frontiers in Plant Science 2025. doi:10.3389/fpls.2025.1621684

Other claims from this paper (6)

Method / resource Current vertical-farm lettuce yields are close to sink-limited conditions.
Method / resource Current vertical-farm tomato yields are close to sink-limited conditions.
Method / resource Potential lettuce yield was estimated at 330 kg m −2 yr −1.
Method / resource Potential tomato yield was estimated at 369 kg m −2 yr −1.
Method / resource Lettuce yield beyond 230 kg m −2 yr −1 would require temperatures current genetics cannot tolerate.
Method / resource Tomato yield beyond 145 kg m −2 yr −1 would require temperatures current genetics cannot tolerate.

Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

In vitro cell wall extensibility (ϕ) was the best indicator of hypocotyl growth rate among the tested creep metrics.

Taxon: Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
Outcome: best indicator of growth ratee1
Comparator: creep ratee0

Verbatim

e0
“we critically tested several metrics (creep rate, creep rate×stress-1, in vitro cell wall extensibility (ϕ) and in vitro cell wall yield threshold (y)) for their ability to predict growth rates of etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana (L. Heynh.) hypocotyls”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 275–525

e1
“The best indicator of growth rate was ϕ because the 3-fold developmental decrease in the growth rate of 4- vs 3-day-old hypocotyls was accompanied by a 3-fold decrease in ϕ determined at pH 5”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 693–884

Title

In vitro cell wall extensibility controls age-related changes in the growth rate of etiolated Arabidopsis hypocotyls

Dmitry Suslov; Alexander Ivakov; Agnieszka K. Boron; et al. Functional Plant Biology 2015. doi:10.1071/fp15190

Other claims from this paper (5)

Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The point when the percentage increase peaked and then slowed marked when fruit-bearing percentage was destined.

Taxon: RiceOryza sativat0
Outcome: period in which fruit bearing percentage is destinede0

Not reportedComparatorValue

Verbatim

e0
“the period when the rate of increase in the percentage above mentioned reaches a maximum and thereafter the rate begins to decrease remarkably has been proved to be the period in which fruit bearing percentage is destined”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2340–2561

t0
“Lowland Rice (Preliminary report)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 45–78

Title

Crop-Scientific Studies on Yield-Forecast of Lowland Rice (Preliminary report) : XI. On Forecast of Fruit Bearing Percentage in Rice (1)

Seizo MATSUSHIMA; Takio MANAKA; Nobuyuki KOMATSU Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1954. doi:10.1626/jcs.23.41b

Other claims from this paper (9)

“yield decrease”

Claim types

Direction of the findings

Over time

Claim type

Research area

Polarity

Statistics

Intervention effect 292

Association 135

Observation 78

Mechanism 59

Recommendation 5

Method / resource 3