Search claims · PlantClaims

Mechanismauthor interpretationoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The authors infer that increased lodging limited yield benefits from growth stimulating genes.

Taxon: soybeanGlycine maxe1
Gene: Pd and Rps a le0
Outcome: seed yieldse0
Qualifier: increased lodging associated with the increased vegetative growthe0

Verbatim

e0
“failure of the vegetative growth stimulating genes, Pd and Rps a l , and to a lesser extent the ln gene, to increase seed yields, or in some cases significantly decrease yields, in the indeterminate near‐isogenic lines is duet to the increased lodging associated with the increased vegetative growth.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1291–1591

e1
“indeterminate soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] near‐isogenic lines”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 176–243

Title

Effect of Three Genes (Pd, Rps^a₁, and ln) on Plant Height, Lodging, and Seed Yield in Indeterminate and Determinate Near‐Isogenic Lines of Soybeans¹

R. L. Cooper; A. Waranyuwat Crop Science 1985. doi:10.2135/cropsci1985.0011183x002500010023x

Other claims from this paper (8)

Intervention effect Adding Pd to indeterminate lines increased plant height and lodging.
Intervention effect Adding Rps a l to indeterminate lines increased plant height and lodging.
Intervention effect Adding Pd to indeterminate lines reduced yield.
Intervention effect Adding Rps a l to indeterminate lines reduced yield.
Observation Determinate lines showed increased height without lodging.
Observation Determinate lines showed increased or unchanged yields.
Association The ln gene differed in effect between Clark and Harosoy.
Recommendation The authors advise evaluating growth genes in backgrounds without yield limiting lodging.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Salt and heat downregulated three photosynthesis genes.

Taxon: RiceOryza sativat0
Treatment: salt + heat stresse1
Gene: Ospsbo, OsRbcS2, and OsRbcS3e0
Outcome: photosynthesis-related genese0
Direction: decreasee2
Comparator: CKe0

Verbatim

e0
“photosynthesis-related genes, i.e., Ospsbo, OsRbcS2, and OsRbcS3, compared with CK”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1135–1217

t0
“Rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 140–144

e1
“salt + heat stress upregulated antioxidant defense-related genes, i.e., OsAPX2, OsSODCC1, and OsAPX1”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 918–1018

e2
“total N accumulation decreased by 42.9%, as compared with CK”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1607–1667

Title

Combined Salt and Heat Stress Aggravates Oxidative Stress and Photosynthetic Damage, Disrupting Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism and Yield in Rice

Lin Li; Jie Xu; Jinqi Liu; et al. Antioxidants 2026. doi:10.3390/antiox15030308

Other claims from this paper (14)

Intervention effect Combined stress raised H2O2 content to 1.3 times CK.
Intervention effect Combined stress raised O2− content to 1.5 times CK.
Intervention effect Combined stress increased SOD activity by 64.6%.
Intervention effect Combined stress increased POD activity by 69.5%.
Intervention effect Combined stress increased CAT activity by 74.8%.
Intervention effect Salt and heat upregulated OsAPX2, OsSODCC1 and OsAPX1.
Intervention effect Salt and heat downregulated four ion homeostasis genes.
Intervention effect Salt and heat reduced activities of three carbon metabolism enzymes.
Intervention effect Salt and heat reduced activities of three nitrogen metabolism enzymes.
Intervention effect Stem-sheath nonstructural carbohydrate accumulation was 34.3% lower.
Intervention effect Stem-sheath carbohydrate translocation rate was 18.6% lower.
Intervention effect Total nitrogen accumulation decreased 42.9%.
Intervention effect Combined stress inhibited panicle development.
Intervention effect Combined stress reduced rice yield.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The GCA/SCA ratio was higher in F2 than F1 for all studied traits, indicating more additive and less non-additive variance.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivumt0
Outcome: GCA/SCA ratioe0
Direction: highere0
Comparator: F1 hybridse0

Verbatim

t0
“wheat”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 20–25

e0
“The GCA/SCA ratio was higher in F2 generation than F1 hybrids for all studied traits revealed that additive and additive × additive types of gene action were increase and the non-additive genetic variance were decrease in F2 generation.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 998–1234

Title

Breeding studies on wheat for yield and leaf rust resistance .

H. A. Dawwam; W. M. El Orabi; Marwa M. El-Nahas; et al. Menoufia Journal of Plant Production 2022. doi:10.21608/mjppf.2022.258791

Other claims from this paper (11)

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

KASP markers precisely localized two candidate genes, Zm00001eb260120 and Zm00001eb260260, in maize.

Taxon: maizeZea mayse0
Gene: Zm00001eb260120 and Zm00001eb260260e2
Outcome: localized two candidate genese2

Verbatim

e0
“Fusarium stalk rot, which is a common disease caused by Fusarium species, can seriously decrease maize grain yield and quality”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–126

e2
“KASP molecular markers designed for the candidate region precisely localized two candidate genes, Zm00001eb260120 and Zm00001eb260260, which were considered to be the most likely genes mediating stalk rot resistance”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 770–985

Title

Gene Mapping and Genetic Analysis of Maize Resistance to Stalk Rot

Baobao Wang; Shaoxin Wang; Luo Xu; et al. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2025. doi:10.3390/ijms262411866

Other claims from this paper (2)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Overexpression of either OsbZIP23 coding form significantly improved drought tolerance.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Treatment: overexpression of any of the two polymorphic formse0
Gene: OsbZIP23e0
Outcome: drought tolerancee0
Direction: improvede0
Comparator: RNAi lines and non-transgenic plantse0

Verbatim

e0
“The overexpression of any of the two polymorphic forms (1083 bp and 1068 bp CDS) of OsbZIP23 improved drought tolerance and yield-related traits significantly by retaining higher content of cellular water, soluble sugar and proline; and exhibited decrease in membrane lipid peroxidation in comparison to RNAi lines and non-transgenic plants”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1357–1697

t0
“Rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 147–151

Title

Enhanced Gene Expression Rather than Natural Polymorphism in Coding Sequence of the OsbZIP23 Determines Drought Tolerance and Yield Improvement in Rice Genotypes

Avishek Dey; Milan Kumar Samanta; Srimonta Gayen; et al. PLoS ONE 2016. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150763

Other claims from this paper (13)

Observation The OsbZIP23 coding sequence had four single nucleotide polymorphisms.
Observation The OsbZIP23 coding sequence had a 15-nucleotide deletion.
Observation OsbZIP23 was expressed more highly in leaf tissues of drought-tolerant genotypes.
Observation OsbZIP23 abundance was higher at the reproductive stage.
Observation The promoters of O. rufipogon and IR20 varied in numbers of stress-responsive cis-elements.
Observation The IR20 promoter carried a 35-nucleotide deletion in the 5 prime UTR.
Observation O. rufipogon promoter activity exceeded that of IR20.
Intervention effect Overexpression of either OsbZIP23 coding form significantly improved yield-related traits.
Intervention effect OsbZIP23 overexpression retained higher cellular water, soluble sugar and proline.
Intervention effect OsbZIP23 overexpression decreased membrane lipid peroxidation.
Observation Overexpression lines had higher expression of OsRab16B, OsRab21 and OsLEA3-1.
Observation Overexpression lines showed increased ABA sensitivity.
Mechanism Authors concluded that elevated OsbZIP23 expression, rather than coding polymorphism, accounts for better drought tolerance and yield.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Heat stress induced down-regulation of photosynthesis-related genes in waxy maize leaves.

Taxon: waxy maizet0
Treatment: Heat stresse2
Gene: photosynthesis-related genese2
Outcome: photosynthesis-related genese2
Direction: down-regulatione2
Comparator: T0, controle0

Verbatim

t0
“waxy maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 39–49

e0
“28℃ (day)/20℃ (night; T0, control)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 322–356

e2
“Heat stress induced the down-regulation of photosynthesis-related genes, which results in the decrease of enzymatic activities involved in photosynthesis, thereby inhibiting photosynthesis and reducing yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 805–1012

Title

Leaf photosynthetic characteristics of waxy maize in response to different degrees of heat stress during grain filling

Lingling Qu; Xiaotian Gu; Jing Li; et al. BMC Plant Biology 2023. doi:10.1186/s12870-023-04482-7

Other claims from this paper (12)

Intervention effect Heat stress accelerated the degradation of chlorophyll in waxy maize leaves.
Intervention effect Heat stress disturbed the metabolism of reactive oxygen species in waxy maize.
Intervention effect Heat stress reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes in waxy maize.
Intervention effect Heat stress caused leaf damage in waxy maize.
Intervention effect Heat stress decreased enzymatic activities involved in photosynthesis in waxy maize.
Intervention effect Heat stress inhibited photosynthesis in waxy maize.
Intervention effect Heat stress reduced the yield of waxy maize.
Association The negative influence of three heat stress types on leaves and yield was ranked T3 > T2 > T1.
Association The increase in heat stress disturbed leaf physiological activities and grain filling in waxy maize.
Association Cultivar YN7 was more heat tolerant than SYN5.
Recommendation YN7 is recommended for waxy maize planting areas with frequent high temperatures.
Mechanism Heat stress during grain filling caused premature senescence of the leaves by inhibiting leaf photosynthesis.

Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The frequency of HMW-GS 5+10 increased over the breeding period.

Taxon: spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
Treatment: breeding periode1
Gene: High molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) 5+10e1
Outcome: frequencye1
Direction: increasee1

Verbatim

e0
“Turkish spring wheat cultivars released between 1964 and 2010”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 161–222

e1
“High molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) 5+10 showed an increase in frequency whereas 2+12 showed a decrease over the breeding period”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1867–2007

Title

Genotype x environment interaction and genetic gain for grain yield and grain quality traits in Turkish spring wheat released between 1964 and 2010

Ajit Nehe; Beyhan Akin; Turgay Sanal; et al. PLoS ONE 2019. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219432

Other claims from this paper (16)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Ferulic acid release after mild alkaline hydrolysis was 2.5-fold higher in the double mutant.

Taxon: Brachypodium distachyonBrachypodium distachyont0
Treatment: Inactivationt0
Outcome: Release of ferulic acide0
Direction: highere0
Value: 2.5-folde0
Qualifier: mild alkaline hydrolysise0
Comparator: wild typee1

Verbatim

e0
“Release of ferulic acid by mild alkaline hydrolysis is also 2.5-fold higher”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 724–799

t0
“Inactivation of LACCASE8 and LACCASE5 genes in Brachypodium distachyon”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–70

e1
“wild type”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 589–598

Title

Inactivation of LACCASE8 and LACCASE5 genes in Brachypodium distachyon leads to severe decrease in lignin content and high increase in saccharification yield without impacting plant integrity

Philippe Le Bris; Yin Wang; Clément Barbereau; et al. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2019. doi:10.1186/s13068-019-1525-5

Other claims from this paper (8)

Intervention effect Double laccase inactivation reduced mature culm lignin content by 20–30% versus wild type.
Intervention effect Double laccase inactivation increased saccharification yield by 140% versus wild type.
Observation Interfascicular fibers were primarily affected by the double mutation.
Observation Vascular bundle integrity was not impaired by the double mutation.
Observation The double mutation had no drastic impact on plant growth.
Mechanism Two Brachypodium laccases were implicated in lignification.
Observation Interfascicular fiber and metaxylem cell lignification were partly uncoupled.
Recommendation Orthologs of these laccases were proposed as targets to improve grass biofuel feedstock.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Double laccase inactivation reduced mature culm lignin content by 20–30% versus wild type.

Taxon: Brachypodium distachyonBrachypodium distachyont0
Organ / stage: mature culmse0
Treatment: inactivationt0
Gene: LACCASE8 and LACCASE5t1
Outcome: lignin contente0
Direction: decreasede0
Value: 20–30%e0
Comparator: wild typee0

Verbatim

e0
“Relative to the wild type, the lignin content of extract-free mature culms is decreased by 20–30%”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 573–670

t0
“Inactivation of LACCASE8 and LACCASE5 genes in Brachypodium distachyon”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–70

t1
“LACCASE8 and LACCASE5”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 16–37

Title

Inactivation of LACCASE8 and LACCASE5 genes in Brachypodium distachyon leads to severe decrease in lignin content and high increase in saccharification yield without impacting plant integrity

Philippe Le Bris; Yin Wang; Clément Barbereau; et al. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2019. doi:10.1186/s13068-019-1525-5

Other claims from this paper (8)

Intervention effect Double laccase inactivation increased saccharification yield by 140% versus wild type.
Intervention effect Ferulic acid release after mild alkaline hydrolysis was 2.5-fold higher in the double mutant.
Observation Interfascicular fibers were primarily affected by the double mutation.
Observation Vascular bundle integrity was not impaired by the double mutation.
Observation The double mutation had no drastic impact on plant growth.
Mechanism Two Brachypodium laccases were implicated in lignification.
Observation Interfascicular fiber and metaxylem cell lignification were partly uncoupled.
Recommendation Orthologs of these laccases were proposed as targets to improve grass biofuel feedstock.

Associationobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

The Danbaekkong allele was associated with a 33.6 g/kg significant increase in soybean seed protein.

Taxon: Glycine maxGlycine maxe0
Gene: Danbaekkong allelee1
Outcome: proteine1
Direction: increasee1
Value: 33.6 g kg –1e1
Qualifier: P < 0.05e1

Verbatim

e0
“Soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merr.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 9–42

e1
“The Danbaekkong allele was associated with a significant 33.6 g kg –1 increase in protein and 14.3 g kg –1 decrease in oil ( P < 0.05)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 680–814

Title

Introgression of a High Protein Allele into an Elite Soybean Cultivar Results in a High‐Protein Near‐Isogenic Line with Yield Parity

Elizabeth M. Prenger; Jennifer Yates; M. A. Rouf Mian; et al. Crop Science 2019. doi:10.2135/cropsci2018.12.0767

Other claims from this paper (6)

Association The Danbaekkong allele was associated with a 14.3 g/kg significant decrease in soybean seed oil.
Intervention effect Near-isogenic lines with the Danbaekkong allele yielded lower than lines without it, significantly lower only in 2005.
Intervention effect Benning high protein (HP) showed yield parity with Benning over 14 environments in four years.
Intervention effect Benning HP had 40.0 g/kg more seed protein than Benning.
Intervention effect Benning HP had 17.3 g/kg less oil than Benning.
Recommendation A significant increase in seed protein without yield reduction is possible with breeding and careful progeny selection using the Danbaekkong allele.

“yield decrease”

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