Abstract
(1) An anthracnose disease of the leaves and bulb scales of the onion is described. (2) Market onion (Allium cepa L.) and a multiplier variety of Allium cepa L. often referred to as false shallot are affected. (3) There does not exist any resistance in the yellow, red or white varieties to the disease. (4) Tropical varieties of onion are as susceptible as the temperate- zone types. (5) Plants of all ages are equally susceptible. (6) The symptoms on the leaves may be described as elliptic or oval spots. On red varieties a red stain appears on young lesions. (7) The pathogene is described as a new species, Colletotrichum Chardonianum. (8) Growth of the causal fungus in carbohydrate media was excellent. It was especially good in starch-containing media. (9) Infection experiments under control conditions demonstrate the ability of C. Chardonianum to produce disease. Infection occurs primarily through the stomata but the germ tubes may penetrate through the cuticle. (10) Conidia germinate in water at a temperature of 21° C. in 3 1/2 to 4 1/2 hours. During germination of conidia, primary, secondary and even tertiary appresoria are produced. Also secondary conidia. Temperatures of 18° C. and 33° C. seem to inhibit germination, while conidia germinate readily at 25° C. In synthetic culture media the fungus grows best at a temperature of 27° C. In the field the disease appears during seasons when temperature is 23° C- 30° C. (11) The pathogene apparently lives over from one season to the other as mycelium in debris on the soil. (12) The conidia seem to resist the action of the sulphur fungicides. An effective action of copper fungicides, particularly colloidal copper, has been observed in laboratory experiments.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Onion leaves and bulb scales were affected by anthracnose.
- Taxon
- onion
Allium cepae0 - Organ / stage
- leaves and bulb scalese0
- Outcome
- anthracnose diseasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An anthracnose disease of the leaves and bulb scales of the onion is described.”
Claim · model-written summary
Market onion was affected by anthracnose.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L.Allium cepae0
- Material
- Market onione0
- Outcome
- are affectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Market onion (Allium cepa L.) and a multiplier variety of Allium cepa L. often referred to as false shallot are affected.”
Claim · model-written summary
A multiplier variety of Allium cepa L. was affected by anthracnose.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L.Allium cepae0
- Material
- a multiplier variety of Allium cepa L. often referred to as false shallote0
- Outcome
- are affectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Market onion (Allium cepa L.) and a multiplier variety of Allium cepa L. often referred to as false shallot are affected.”
Claim · model-written summary
Yellow, red and white onion varieties lacked resistance to anthracnose.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Material
- yellow, red or white varietiese0
- Outcome
- resistancee0
- Direction
- does not existe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There does not exist any resistance in the yellow, red or white varieties to the disease.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Tropical onion varieties were as susceptible as temperate-zone types.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Material
- Tropical varietiese0
- Outcome
- susceptiblee0
- Direction
- as susceptiblee0
- Comparator
- temperate- zone typese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tropical varieties of onion are as susceptible as the temperate- zone types.”
Claim · model-written summary
Onion plants of all ages were equally susceptible.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Organ / stage
- all agese0
- Outcome
- susceptiblee0
- Direction
- equallye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of all ages are equally susceptible.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthracnose lesions on onion leaves were elliptic or oval spots.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- elliptic or oval spotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The symptoms on the leaves may be described as elliptic or oval spots.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Young lesions on red onion varieties showed a red stain.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Material
- red varietiese0
- Outcome
- a red stain appears on young lesionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On red varieties a red stain appears on young lesions.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
The onion anthracnose pathogen was described as the new species Colletotrichum Chardonianum.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum Chardonianume0pathogen
- Outcome
- a new species, Colletotrichum Chardonianume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pathogene is described as a new species, Colletotrichum Chardonianum.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
The causal fungus grew excellently in carbohydrate media, especially starch-containing media.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- carbohydrate mediae0
- Interactor
- causal funguse0pathogen
- Outcome
- Growth of the causal funguse0
- Direction
- excellente0
- Qualifier
- especially good in starch-containing mediae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth of the causal fungus in carbohydrate media was excellent. It was especially good in starch-containing media.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Controlled infection experiments showed that C. Chardonianum produced onion disease.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Interactor
- C. Chardonianume0pathogen
- Outcome
- produce diseasee0
- Setting
- control conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infection experiments under control conditions demonstrate the ability of C. Chardonianum to produce disease.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Onion infection occurred primarily through stomata.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Organ / stage
- stomatae0
- Outcome
- Infection occurs primarily through the stomatae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infection occurs primarily through the stomata but the germ tubes may penetrate through the cuticle.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen germ tubes may penetrate onion cuticle.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Organ / stage
- cuticlee0
- Outcome
- germ tubes may penetrate through the cuticlee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infection occurs primarily through the stomata but the germ tubes may penetrate through the cuticle.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
C. Chardonianum conidia germinated in water at 21° C. in 3 1/2 to 4 1/2 hours.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- water at a temperature of 21° C.e0
- Interactor
- Conidiae0pathogen
- Outcome
- Conidia germinatee0
- Value
- 3 1/2 to 4 1/2 hourse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conidia germinate in water at a temperature of 21° C. in 3 1/2 to 4 1/2 hours.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Conidial germination produced primary, secondary and tertiary appresoria, as well as secondary conidia.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Interactor
- conidiae0pathogen
- Outcome
- primary, secondary and even tertiary appresoria are produced. Also secondary conidiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During germination of conidia, primary, secondary and even tertiary appresoria are produced. Also secondary conidia.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperatures of 18° C. and 33° C. seemed to inhibit pathogen conidial germination.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- Temperatures of 18° C. and 33° C.e0
- Interactor
- conidiae0pathogen
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Temperatures of 18° C. and 33° C. seem to inhibit germination, while conidia germinate readily at 25° C.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen conidia germinated readily at 25° C.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- 25° C.e0
- Interactor
- conidiae0pathogen
- Outcome
- conidia germinate readilye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Temperatures of 18° C. and 33° C. seem to inhibit germination, while conidia germinate readily at 25° C.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
The onion pathogen grew best in synthetic culture media at 27° C.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- a temperature of 27° C.e0
- Interactor
- funguse0pathogen
- Outcome
- fungus growse0
- Direction
- beste0
- Setting
- synthetic culture mediae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In synthetic culture media the fungus grows best at a temperature of 27° C.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Onion anthracnose appeared in the field when temperatures were 23° C- 30° C.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Outcome
- the disease appearse0
- Qualifier
- during seasons when temperature is 23° C- 30° C.e0
- Setting
- In the fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the field the disease appears during seasons when temperature is 23° C- 30° C.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
The pathogen apparently survived between seasons as mycelium in soil debris; conidia seemed to resist sulphur fungicides, while copper fungicides were effective in laboratory experiments.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Interactor
- pathogenee0pathogen
- Outcome
- lives over from one season to the other as mycelium in debris on the soile0
- Qualifier
- The conidia seem to resist the action of the sulphur fungicides. An effective action of copper fungicides, particularly colloidal copper, has been observed in laboratory experiments.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pathogene apparently lives over from one season to the other as mycelium in debris on the soil. (12) The conidia seem to resist the action of the sulphur fungicides. An effective action of copper fungicides, particularly colloidal copper, has been observed in laboratory experiments.”
t0“onion”