Abstract
Resistance to the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, was systemically induced on tomato and pyrethrum plants by advance inoculations with mildly virulent M. incognita and M. javanica, respectively. The reproduction of M. hapla was reduced by 84% on tomato (var. Celebrity), and by 72% on pyrethrum (clone 223) in greenhouse experiments, and by 55% on pyrethrum plants on field-plot experiments, relative to the non-induced controls. The magnitude of induced resistance increased with increasing intervals between the applications of resistance inducer and challenge nematode inocula, from 0 to 10 day intervals, then levelled off, for both tomato and pyrethrum. Induced resistance increased also with increasing levels of inducer inoculum, from 0 to 5,000 infective juveniles per plant in 500 ml pots, for both tomato and pyrethrum. Advance inoculation of one halves of partially-split root systems with resistance-inducing nematodes resulted in protection of the other halves from challenge nematodes. The observation indicated the systemic translocation of induced resistance factors from sites of induction to remote plant parts. Advance inoculations of host plants with the virulent M. hapla increased susceptibility in the plants to secondary nematode inocula, such that the originally non-virulent M. incognita and M. javanica subsequently attained enhanced reproduction rates comparable to M. hapla. Pyrethrum seedlings which received advance inoculation with M. javanica prior to challenge with M. hapla had growth rates comparable to those of nematode-free controls, while the unprotected M. hapla-infected plants were stunted up to 33%, in greenhouse experiments. In field plot experiments, the unprotected pyrethrum seedlings were stunted up to 36%, relative to plants with induced resistance. These results suggest that initial incompatible or compatible plant-nematode interactions conditioned the plants to increased resistance or susceptibility, respectively, against subsequent invading nematodes. As such, advance inoculations of plants with incompatible or mildly virulent nematodes, could be a prospective method of protecting plants against virulent nematodes.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
M. hapla reproduction fell 84% on induced tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Material
- var. Celebritye0
- Treatment
- advance inoculations with mildly virulent M. incognitae1
- Interactor
- M. hapla
Meloidogyne haplae0pathogen - Second interactor
- M. incognita
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne incognitae1pathogen - Outcome
- reproduction of M. haplae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 84%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The reproduction of M. hapla was reduced by 84% on tomato (var. Celebrity)”
e1“advance inoculations with mildly virulent M. incognita and M. javanica, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
M. hapla reproduction fell 72% on induced pyrethrum in the greenhouse.
- Taxon
- pyrethrum
Tanacetum cinerariifoliume0 - Material
- clone 223e0
- Treatment
- M. javanicae2
- Interactor
- M. haplaMeloidogyne haplae1pathogen
- Second interactor
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae2pathogen
- Outcome
- reproduction of M. haplae1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 72%e0
- Setting
- greenhouse experimentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by 72% on pyrethrum (clone 223) in greenhouse experiments”
e1“The reproduction of M. hapla was reduced”
e2“advance inoculations with mildly virulent M. incognita and M. javanica, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
M. hapla reproduction fell 55% on induced pyrethrum in field plots.
- Taxon
- pyrethrumTanacetum cinerariifoliume0
- Treatment
- M. javanicae2
- Interactor
- M. haplaMeloidogyne haplae1pathogen
- Second interactor
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae2pathogen
- Outcome
- reproduction of M. haplae1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 55%e0
- Setting
- field-plot experimentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by 55% on pyrethrum plants on field-plot experiments”
e1“The reproduction of M. hapla was reduced”
e2“advance inoculations with mildly virulent M. incognita and M. javanica, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Induced resistance rose with longer intervals between inducer and challenge, then leveled off.
- Taxon
- tomato and pyrethrumSolanum lycopersicumTanacetum cinerariifoliume0
- Treatment
- intervals between the applications of resistance inducer and challenge nematode inoculae0
- Outcome
- magnitude of induced resistancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0 to 10 day intervalse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The magnitude of induced resistance increased with increasing intervals between the applications of resistance inducer and challenge nematode inocula, from 0 to 10 day intervals, then levelled off, for both tomato and pyrethrum”
Claim · model-written summary
Induced resistance increased with inducer inoculum level in both hosts.
- Taxon
- tomato and pyrethrumSolanum lycopersicumTanacetum cinerariifoliume0
- Treatment
- levels of inducer inoculume0
- Outcome
- Induced resistancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0 to 5,000 infective juveniles per plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Induced resistance increased also with increasing levels of inducer inoculum, from 0 to 5,000 infective juveniles per plant in 500 ml pots, for both tomato and pyrethrum”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation of one root half protected the other half from challenge nematodes.
- Taxon
- tomato and pyrethrum plantsSolanum lycopersicumTanacetum cinerariifoliume1
- Treatment
- Advance inoculation of one halves of partially-split root systems with resistance-inducing nematodese0
- Outcome
- protection of the other halves from challenge nematodese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Advance inoculation of one halves of partially-split root systems with resistance-inducing nematodes resulted in protection of the other halves from challenge nematodes”
e1“tomato and pyrethrum plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Prior M. hapla inoculation increased susceptibility to secondary nematodes.
- Taxon
- tomato and pyrethrum plantsSolanum lycopersicumTanacetum cinerariifoliume1
- Treatment
- Advance inoculations of host plants with the virulent M. haplae0
- Interactor
- M. haplaMeloidogyne haplae0pathogen
- Outcome
- susceptibility in the plants to secondary nematode inoculae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Advance inoculations of host plants with the virulent M. hapla increased susceptibility in the plants to secondary nematode inocula”
e1“tomato and pyrethrum plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrethrum inoculated with M. javanica before M. hapla challenge grew comparably to nematode-free controls.
- Taxon
- PyrethrumTanacetum cinerariifoliume0
- Treatment
- advance inoculation with M. javanicae0
- Interactor
- M. haplaMeloidogyne haplae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae0pathogen
- Outcome
- growth ratese0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Comparator
- nematode-free controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pyrethrum seedlings which received advance inoculation with M. javanica prior to challenge with M. hapla had growth rates comparable to those of nematode-free controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Unprotected M. hapla-infected pyrethrum was stunted up to 33% in the greenhouse.
- Taxon
- PyrethrumTanacetum cinerariifoliume1
- Interactor
- M. haplaMeloidogyne haplae0pathogen
- Outcome
- stuntede0
- Value
- 33%e0
- Setting
- greenhouse experimentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the unprotected M. hapla-infected plants were stunted up to 33%, in greenhouse experiments”
e1“Pyrethrum seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Unprotected pyrethrum seedlings were stunted up to 36% in field plots.
- Taxon
- pyrethrumTanacetum cinerariifoliume0
- Outcome
- stuntede0
- Value
- 36%e0
- Comparator
- plants with induced resistancee0
- Setting
- field plot experimentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In field plot experiments, the unprotected pyrethrum seedlings were stunted up to 36%, relative to plants with induced resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose advance inoculation with incompatible or mildly virulent nematodes to protect plants.
- Taxon
- tomato and pyrethrum plantsSolanum lycopersicumTanacetum cinerariifoliume1
- Outcome
- prospective method of protecting plants against virulent nematodese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“advance inoculations of plants with incompatible or mildly virulent nematodes, could be a prospective method of protecting plants against virulent nematodes”
e1“tomato and pyrethrum plants”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.