Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient, but poorly controlled inputs may increase phytotoxicity risks and alter soil–plant nutrient dynamics. Therefore, Cu formulations that regulate rhizosphere Cu availability are of agronomic interest. This study compared non-encapsulated Cu nanoparticles (CuNPs) and alginate-encapsulated Cu nanoparticles (eCuNPs) in a 42-day pot experiment with Lactuca sativa L. grown in two agricultural soils with different properties, applying 0, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg of Cu kg−1. Soil properties, Rhizzo-extractable Cu as a proxy of available Cu, plant biomass, Cu accumulation, and nutrient concentrations were evaluated. Rhizzo-extractable Cu increased with dose under CuNPs, particularly in the soil with lower organic matter and ECEC, whereas eCuNPs maintained values closer to the control levels. In the soil with higher organic matter and ECEC, CuNPs were associated with reduced shoot and root biomass at higher doses, while eCuNPs showed a more variable response and, in some cases, higher biomass values. In contrast, biomass remained low across all treatments in the more limiting soil. Cu accumulated mainly in roots, and foliar Cu (FW) remained low and close to typical values reported for lettuce in the USDA FoodData Central database. Alginate encapsulation may reduce short-term Cu mobilization in the rhizosphere and could represent a promising strategy to improve the safety of CuNP applications, particularly in soils with higher organic matter and ECEC.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Extractable copper rose with CuNP dose, particularly in the lower organic matter soil.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- CuNPse0
- Outcome
- Rhizzo-extractable Cue0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- soil with lower organic matter and ECECe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rhizzo-extractable Cu increased with dose under CuNPs, particularly in the soil with lower organic matter and ECEC”
t0“Lactuca sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
eCuNPs kept extractable copper closer to control levels.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- eCuNPse0
- Outcome
- valuese0
- Direction
- closere0
- Comparator
- control levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eCuNPs maintained values closer to the control levels”
t0“Lactuca sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
CuNPs reduced shoot biomass at higher doses in the higher organic matter soil.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- CuNPse0
- Outcome
- shoote0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- soil with higher organic matter and ECECe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the soil with higher organic matter and ECEC, CuNPs were associated with reduced shoot and root biomass at higher doses”
t0“Lactuca sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
CuNPs reduced root biomass at higher doses in the higher organic matter soil.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- CuNPse0
- Outcome
- root biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- higher dosese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the soil with higher organic matter and ECEC, CuNPs were associated with reduced shoot and root biomass at higher doses”
t0“Lactuca sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
eCuNPs produced variable biomass responses, including higher values in some cases.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- eCuNPse0
- Outcome
- biomass valuese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- in some casese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eCuNPs showed a more variable response and, in some cases, higher biomass values”
t0“Lactuca sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biomass stayed low across treatments in the more limiting soil.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- remained lowe0
- Qualifier
- more limiting soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biomass remained low across all treatments in the more limiting soil”
t0“Lactuca sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper accumulated mainly in roots.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- Cu accumulated mainly in rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cu accumulated mainly in roots”
t0“Lactuca sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar copper remained low and near typical lettuce reference values.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Outcome
- foliar Cu (FW)e0
- Direction
- remained lowe0
- Comparator
- typical values reported for lettuce in the USDA FoodData Central databasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar Cu (FW) remained low and close to typical values reported for lettuce in the USDA FoodData Central database”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose alginate encapsulation to improve CuNP application safety in higher organic matter soils.
- Taxon
- Lactuca sativa L.Lactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Alginate encapsulatione0
- Outcome
- improve the safety of CuNP applicationse0
- Qualifier
- soils with higher organic matter and ECECe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Alginate encapsulation may reduce short-term Cu mobilization in the rhizosphere and could represent a promising strategy to improve the safety of CuNP applications, particularly in soils with higher organic matter and ECEC”
t0“Lactuca sativa L.”
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See all 27 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.