Abstract
Introduction Phosphorus (P) limitation constrains the growth of Macadamia integrifolia in subtropical soils, despite intrinsic adaptations such as cluster roots and rhizosphere P mobilization. However, the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in enhancing P acquisition under varying P availability and inoculum identity remains unclear. Methods We conducted a controlled pot experiment with three P levels (P0, P1, P2) and two AMF treatments (indigenous consortium and Glomus mosseae ), assessing seedling growth, biomass allocation, organ-level P concentrations, rhizosphere soil properties, and fungal community composition. Results Seedling growth and biomass allocation responded non-linearly to P, with maximal aboveground biomass at P1. Notably, G. mosseae inoculation under P1 increased aboveground biomass by 42.9% and root P concentration by 18.4%, whereas the indigenous AMF consortium enhanced leaf P and rhizosphere P under low-P conditions. AMF colonization was strongly associated with total plant biomass but decoupled from short-term P uptake efficiency. Rhizosphere fungal α-diversity and community composition varied with P supply and AMF identity, with Glomeromycota enrichment and reduced saprotroph abundance in inoculated treatments. Discussion These findings demonstrate context-dependent AMF effects that integrate strain-specific functional traits with intrinsic plant P-acquisition strategies, highlighting functional differentiation between growth promotion and immediate nutrient acquisition. This study provides quantitative guidance for optimizing growth and P-use efficiency in low-P-adapted woody crops.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling growth and biomass allocation responded non-linearly to P, with maximal aboveground biomass at P1.
- Taxon
- Macadamia integrifolia
Macadamia integrifoliat0 - Treatment
- P levelse0
- Outcome
- aboveground biomasse1
- Direction
- maximale1
- Qualifier
- responded non-linearly to Pe1
- Setting
- controlled pot experimente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“growth of Macadamia integrifolia seedlings”
e0“We conducted a controlled pot experiment with three P levels (P0, P1, P2)”
e1“Seedling growth and biomass allocation responded non-linearly to P, with maximal aboveground biomass at P1”
Claim · model-written summary
G. mosseae inoculation under P1 increased aboveground biomass by 42.9%.
- Taxon
- Macadamia integrifoliaMacadamia integrifoliat0
- Treatment
- G. mosseae inoculatione2
- Interactor
- G. mosseae
Funneliformis mosseaee2symbiont - Outcome
- aboveground biomasse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 42.9%e2
- Qualifier
- under P1e2
- Setting
- controlled pot experimente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“growth of Macadamia integrifolia seedlings”
e0“We conducted a controlled pot experiment with three P levels (P0, P1, P2)”
e2“Notably, G. mosseae inoculation under P1 increased aboveground biomass by 42.9% and root P concentration by 18.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
G. mosseae inoculation under P1 increased root P concentration by 18.4%.
- Taxon
- Macadamia integrifoliaMacadamia integrifoliat0
- Treatment
- G. mosseae inoculatione2
- Interactor
- G. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee2symbiont
- Outcome
- root P concentratione2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 18.4%e2
- Qualifier
- under P1e2
- Setting
- controlled pot experimente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“growth of Macadamia integrifolia seedlings”
e0“We conducted a controlled pot experiment with three P levels (P0, P1, P2)”
e2“Notably, G. mosseae inoculation under P1 increased aboveground biomass by 42.9% and root P concentration by 18.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
The indigenous AMF consortium enhanced leaf P and rhizosphere P under low-P conditions.
- Taxon
- Macadamia integrifoliaMacadamia integrifoliat0
- Treatment
- indigenous AMF consortiume3
- Interactor
- AMFe3symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf P and rhizosphere Pe3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Qualifier
- under low-P conditionse3
- Setting
- controlled pot experimente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“growth of Macadamia integrifolia seedlings”
e0“We conducted a controlled pot experiment with three P levels (P0, P1, P2)”
e3“whereas the indigenous AMF consortium enhanced leaf P and rhizosphere P under low-P conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF colonization was strongly associated with total plant biomass.
- Taxon
- Macadamia integrifoliaMacadamia integrifoliat0
- Interactor
- AMFe4symbiont
- Outcome
- total plant biomasse4
- Qualifier
- strongly associatede4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“growth of Macadamia integrifolia seedlings”
e4“AMF colonization was strongly associated with total plant biomass but decoupled from short-term P uptake efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF colonization was decoupled from short-term P uptake efficiency.
- Taxon
- Macadamia integrifoliaMacadamia integrifoliat0
- Interactor
- AMFe4symbiont
- Outcome
- short-term P uptake efficiencye4
- Qualifier
- decouplede4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“growth of Macadamia integrifolia seedlings”
e4“AMF colonization was strongly associated with total plant biomass but decoupled from short-term P uptake efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizosphere fungal alpha-diversity and community composition varied with P supply and AMF identity.
- Taxon
- Macadamia integrifoliaMacadamia integrifoliat0
- Treatment
- P supply and AMF identitye5
- Outcome
- Rhizosphere fungal α-diversity and community compositione5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“growth of Macadamia integrifolia seedlings”
e5“Rhizosphere fungal α-diversity and community composition varied with P supply and AMF identity, with Glomeromycota enrichment and reduced saprotroph abundance in inoculated treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Glomeromycota were enriched in inoculated treatments.
- Taxon
- Macadamia integrifoliaMacadamia integrifoliat0
- Treatment
- inoculated treatmentse5
- Interactor
- GlomeromycotaGlomeromycotae5symbiont
- Outcome
- Glomeromycotae5
- Direction
- enrichmente5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“growth of Macadamia integrifolia seedlings”
e5“Rhizosphere fungal α-diversity and community composition varied with P supply and AMF identity, with Glomeromycota enrichment and reduced saprotroph abundance in inoculated treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Saprotroph abundance was reduced in inoculated treatments.
- Taxon
- Macadamia integrifoliaMacadamia integrifoliat0
- Treatment
- inoculated treatmentse5
- Outcome
- saprotroph abundancee5
- Direction
- reducede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“growth of Macadamia integrifolia seedlings”
e5“Rhizosphere fungal α-diversity and community composition varied with P supply and AMF identity, with Glomeromycota enrichment and reduced saprotroph abundance in inoculated treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The AMF effects are context-dependent, reflecting strain-specific functional traits and the plant P-acquisition strategy, with growth promotion separated from immediate nutrient acquisition.
- Taxon
- Macadamia integrifoliaMacadamia integrifoliat0
- Outcome
- context-dependent AMF effectse6
- Qualifier
- strain-specific functional traitse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“growth of Macadamia integrifolia seedlings”
e6“These findings demonstrate context-dependent AMF effects that integrate strain-specific functional traits with intrinsic plant P-acquisition strategies”
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