Paper · 2026 · EURASIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE (EJSS)

Sequential foliar NPK nutrition and amino acid supplementation mitigate plant-available water deficit effects on growth, yield, and tuber carbohydrates of potato under greenhouse conditions

Bakhytkul Kenzhaliyeva; Gulnur Daldabayeva; Gulzhanat Shamshina; et al.

13
claims
29
verbatim quotes
0
citations
2
research areas
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Open access · cc-by-sa

Abstract

Water deficit is a major constraint for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production, reducing canopy development, tuber filling, and quality-related carbohydrate accumulation. Foliar nutrition and amino-acid-based biostimulants may partially offset drought-induced limitations in root nutrient uptake and plant metabolic activity. This greenhouse pot experiment evaluated whether a phenology-based, sequential foliar nutrition program and amino acid supplementation can alleviate the effects of progressive reductions in plant-available water (PAW) on potato growth, yield, and tuber carbohydrate composition. Certified seed tubers of cv. Agria were grown in clay loam soil under a completely randomized design with three replications. Pots were maintained at four PAW regimes (100%, 75%, 50%, and 25%), with three foliar regimes within each PAW level: (i) non-sprayed control, (ii) sequential foliar fertilization, and (iii) sequential foliar fertilization plus amino acids. Foliar applications were conducted four times from early vegetative growth to tuber bulking, using stage-specific water-soluble NPK formulations supplemented with micronutrients; the amino acid product was applied concomitantly in the combined treatment. Decreasing PAW reduced stem number, stem diameter, plant length, total leaf number, tuber yield, and tuber carbohydrate concentrations. Across irrigation regimes, sequential foliar fertilization improved vegetative growth and increased tuber yield relative to the control, and amino acids provided a further benefit. Yield responses exceeded changes in tuber number, indicating effects mainly on tuber growth rather than tuber set. Foliar treatments—particularly with amino acids—also increased tuber glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starch within each PAW level, suggesting improved carbon assimilation and/or sink activity under water limitation. Overall, a stage-targeted foliar NPK program integrated with amino acids is a practical strategy to reduce yield penalties and sustain tuber carbohydrate accumulation under deficit irrigation. Field validation across cultivars and mechanistic measurements are warranted to refine dose–timing recommendations.

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The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.

Claims 13

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Decreasing plant-available water reduced potato stem number, stem diameter, plant length and total leaf number.

Treatment
Decreasing PAWe0
Outcome
stem number, stem diameter, plant lengthe0
Direction
reducede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Solanum tuberosum
Solanum tuberosum · TaxonScott Bauer, USDA ARS · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Decreasing PAW reduced stem number, stem diameter, plant length, total leaf number, tuber yield, and tuber carbohydrate concentrations.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1228–1363 · show in text ↑
e1

“potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 40–69 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Decreasing plant-available water reduced total leaf number.

Treatment
Decreasing PAWe0
Outcome
total leaf numbere0
Direction
reducede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Solanum tuberosum
Solanum tuberosum · TaxonScott Bauer, USDA ARS · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Decreasing PAW reduced stem number, stem diameter, plant length, total leaf number, tuber yield, and tuber carbohydrate concentrations.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1228–1363 · show in text ↑
e1

“potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 40–69 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Decreasing plant-available water reduced tuber yield.

Treatment
Decreasing PAWe0
Outcome
tuber yielde0
Direction
reducede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Solanum tuberosum
Solanum tuberosum · TaxonScott Bauer, USDA ARS · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Decreasing PAW reduced stem number, stem diameter, plant length, total leaf number, tuber yield, and tuber carbohydrate concentrations.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1228–1363 · show in text ↑
e1

“potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 40–69 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Decreasing plant-available water reduced tuber carbohydrate concentrations.

Treatment
Decreasing PAWe0
Outcome
tuber carbohydrate concentrationse0
Direction
reducede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Solanum tuberosum
Solanum tuberosum · TaxonScott Bauer, USDA ARS · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Decreasing PAW reduced stem number, stem diameter, plant length, total leaf number, tuber yield, and tuber carbohydrate concentrations.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1228–1363 · show in text ↑
e1

“potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 40–69 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Sequential foliar fertilization improved vegetative growth relative to the control across irrigation regimes.

Treatment
sequential foliar fertilizatione0
Outcome
vegetative growthe0
Direction
improvede0
Comparator
the controle0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Solanum tuberosum
Solanum tuberosum · TaxonScott Bauer, USDA ARS · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Across irrigation regimes, sequential foliar fertilization improved vegetative growth and increased tuber yield relative to the control”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1364–1499 · show in text ↑
e1

“potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 40–69 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Sequential foliar fertilization increased tuber yield relative to the control across irrigation regimes.

Treatment
sequential foliar fertilizatione0
Outcome
tuber yielde0
Direction
increasede0
Comparator
the controle0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Solanum tuberosum
Solanum tuberosum · TaxonScott Bauer, USDA ARS · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Across irrigation regimes, sequential foliar fertilization improved vegetative growth and increased tuber yield relative to the control”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1364–1499 · show in text ↑
e1

“potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 40–69 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Adding amino acids to foliar fertilization gave a further benefit.

Treatment
sequential foliar fertilization plus amino acidse1
Outcome
further benefite0
Direction
further benefite0
Comparator
sequential foliar fertilizatione1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Solanum tuberosum
Solanum tuberosum · TaxonScott Bauer, USDA ARS · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“and amino acids provided a further benefit.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1501–1544 · show in text ↑
e1

“sequential foliar fertilization plus amino acids”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 923–971 · show in text ↑
e2

“potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 40–69 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Yield responses exceeded changes in tuber number.

Outcome
Yield responsese0
Direction
exceedede0
Comparator
changes in tuber numbere0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Solanum tuberosum
Solanum tuberosum · TaxonScott Bauer, USDA ARS · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Yield responses exceeded changes in tuber number”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1545–1593 · show in text ↑
e1

“potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 40–69 · show in text ↑
Mechanismauthor interpretationoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The yield response suggested an effect mainly on tuber growth rather than tuber set.

Organ / stage
tuber growthe0
Outcome
Yield responsese1
Qualifier
rather than tuber sete0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Solanum tuberosum
Solanum tuberosum · TaxonScott Bauer, USDA ARS · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“indicating effects mainly on tuber growth rather than tuber set.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1595–1659 · show in text ↑
e1

“Yield responses exceeded changes in tuber number”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1545–1593 · show in text ↑
e2

“potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 40–69 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Foliar treatments, especially those with amino acids, increased tuber glucose, fructose and sucrose within each PAW level.

Treatment
Foliar treatments—particularly with amino acidse0
Outcome
tuber glucose, fructose, sucrosee0
Direction
increasede0
Qualifier
within each PAW levele0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Solanum tuberosum
Solanum tuberosum · TaxonScott Bauer, USDA ARS · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Foliar treatments—particularly with amino acids—also increased tuber glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starch within each PAW level”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1660–1789 · show in text ↑
e1

“potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 40–69 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Foliar treatments, especially those with amino acids, increased tuber starch within each PAW level.

Treatment
Foliar treatments—particularly with amino acidse0
Outcome
starche0
Direction
increasede0
Qualifier
within each PAW levele0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Solanum tuberosum
Solanum tuberosum · TaxonScott Bauer, USDA ARS · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Foliar treatments—particularly with amino acids—also increased tuber glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starch within each PAW level”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1660–1789 · show in text ↑
e1

“potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 40–69 · show in text ↑
Mechanismauthor interpretationoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Higher tuber carbohydrates suggested improved carbon assimilation or sink activity under water limitation.

Outcome
tuber glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starche1
Qualifier
improved carbon assimilation and/or sink activity under water limitatione0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Solanum tuberosum
Solanum tuberosum · TaxonScott Bauer, USDA ARS · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“suggesting improved carbon assimilation and/or sink activity under water limitation.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1791–1875 · show in text ↑
e1

“increased tuber glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starch”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1713–1767 · show in text ↑
e2

“potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 40–69 · show in text ↑
Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultbasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

The authors recommended a stage-targeted foliar NPK program with amino acids to reduce yield penalties under deficit irrigation.

Treatment
stage-targeted foliar NPK program integrated with amino acidse0
Outcome
reduce yield penaltiese0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Solanum tuberosum
Solanum tuberosum · TaxonScott Bauer, USDA ARS · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“a stage-targeted foliar NPK program integrated with amino acids is a practical strategy to reduce yield penalties and sustain tuber carbohydrate accumulation under deficit irrigation.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1885–2068 · show in text ↑
e1

“potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 40–69 · show in text ↑

application · quality: sugar starch · Solanum tuberosum (potato)Positive and negative results

14 papers: 13 positive, 1 negative or no effect

12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

  1. no effect
  2. positive
  3. positive

10 papers more in this group

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application · molecular: metabolites · Solanum tuberosum (potato)Positive and negative results

23 papers: 21 positive, 2 negative or no effect

20 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. negative

19 papers more in this group

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application · growth · Solanum tuberosum (potato)Positive and negative results

78 papers: 71 positive, 7 negative or no effect

70 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

  1. negative
  2. negative
  3. negative

74 papers more in this group

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fertilization · growth · Solanum tuberosum (potato)Positive and negative results

140 papers: 122 positive, 18 negative or no effect

121 papers in the same direction as this paper · 16 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. no effect

136 papers more in this group

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application · yield · Solanum tuberosum (potato)Positive and negative results

191 papers: 177 positive, 14 negative or no effect

176 papers in the same direction as this paper · 14 in the opposite direction

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. positive

187 papers more in this group

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fertilization · yield · Solanum tuberosum (potato)Positive and negative results

450 papers: 394 positive, 56 negative or no effect

393 papers in the same direction as this paper · 48 in the opposite direction · 8 reporting no difference from an alternative

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. positive

446 papers more in this group

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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.